What is rabies, how to avoid it and how to recognise the symptoms?
Rabies is a rare and serious infection that affects the brain and the nervous system, so it is important to be aware of information about it.
Human cases of rabies are very rare in the UK, but it poses a risk to travellers visiting regions where the disease remains prevalent.
While the risk is still small, rabies is more common in parts of Asia, Africa, Central America and South America.
Here's all you need to know about the infection, including how to recognise symptoms and how to avoid it.
If you're travelling to a country where rabies is present, it's worth knowing how to reduce your risk - read our blog post for more info. 🔗https://t.co/YxAVeRUyzN pic.twitter.com/6WFYmmkPhi
— UK Health Security Agency (@UKHSA) June 18, 2025
According to the NHS website, rabies is spread by mammals, such as dogs, bats, raccoons and foxes.
You can get rabies if you're bitten or scratched by an infected animal.
Additionally, it can be passed on if an infected animal licks your eyes, nose or mouth, or you have a wound that's licked by an infected animal.
Rabies symptoms usually take between three to 12 weeks to appear, but they can also occur within a few days or take several months or years.
Symptoms of the infection include:
numbness or tingling where you were bitten or scratched
seeing things that are not there (hallucinations)
feeling very anxious or energetic
difficulty swallowing or breathing
being unable to move (paralysis)
Once symptoms develop in an infected person after they have been exposed, it is almost always fatal.
The UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) says you need to take a number of immediate steps if you believe you have been in contact with a rabies-infected animal.
You should wash the wound with plenty of soap and water for several minutes to reduce the risk of infection.
Additionally, seek local medical attention without delay, as treating it sooner will be more effective.
They add: "Contact your GP on return to the UK, even if you received post-exposure treatment abroad or the exposure happened several weeks ago.
"You may need to continue a course of rabies vaccines. If you have a record of any treatment given, remember to bring this with you."
According to the NHS website, the level of protection varies, but a full course should last one or two years.
People who are travelling to areas with a risk of rabies more than a year after their course of vaccines can have a single booster dose.
If you're travelling to a region where there is a chance of rabies, you need to take preventative measures.
The UKHSA recommends consulting a travel health professional before your trip.
Recommended reading:
Person dies in Yorkshire from rabies after contact with a stray dog in Morocco
How long do colds last and how can you cure them quickly?
Urgent Mounjaro and Ozempic warning for anyone planning a holiday
They can determine if pre-exposure vaccination is recommended based on your destination and planned activities.
The UKHSA adds: "Vaccination is particularly important if you'll be staying for over a month, engaging in outdoor activities, or travelling to areas with limited access to medical care."
It is also advised to avoid contact with animals as much as possible when travelling.
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CNET
35 minutes ago
- CNET
What to Do During a Heart Attack: 5 Essential Tips to Survive
It can be tough to figure out if you or someone else is having a heart attack, especially since they're easily confused with panic attacks. Panic attacks generally aren't life-threatening, although they may feel like it. On the other hand, a heart attack can be fatal. A heart attack is when the blood flow to the heart is blocked. When the heart doesn't get enough oxygen supply, it can become life-threatening. Heart attacks are medical emergencies that can lead to serious issues and death if ignored, and they should be addressed as soon as possible. CNET There are several factors at play when it comes to surviving a heart attack or saving a life, but the most crucial bit is being able to identify correctly when one is taking place and remembering the five key steps. Now, as we're in summer with warmer weather, health issues that you may not be aware of may flare up. We've put together this guide to help you be better prepared, with life-saving tips for heart attacks. Learn more about heart health tips by reading how to check your heart metrics at home, six important blood tests to take and understanding the importance of your blood type. Common symptoms of a heartWhen you think "heart attack," classic symptoms such as chest discomfort might first come to mind. Heart attacks can present differently in men and women and in people with certain diseases, like diabetes. Heart attack symptoms could include: Chest discomfort, pain or pressure that radiates up to your jaw, your back and/or your left shoulder Bad indigestion or nausea Extreme fatigue Shortness of breath Feeling generally unwell "Essentially anything from the belly button up," says Dr. Khadijah Breathett, a heart failure transplant cardiologist and tenured associate professor of medicine at Indiana University. "Constant pressure should raise concern that you should see your doctor, and it's OK if it's something else. We'd rather have an individual come see a health care professional and get evaluated rather than toughing it out at home, because that is what contributes to the escalating risk of death." 1. Call 911, no matter what If you feel any of the above symptoms, even if you aren't sure it's a heart attack, you should call 911 immediately, doctors recommend. "If you feel unwell, or you're starting to have chest discomfort, seek medical attention quickly, because the sooner you get treated, the better," says Dr. Grant Reed, an interventional cardiologist and director of Cleveland Clinic's STEMI program. "A lot of patients ignore their symptoms, and by the time they come in, their heart muscle has already died." Richard T. Nowitz/Getty Images The No. 1 indicator of how well you're going to do after a heart attack is how fast you recognize your symptoms, Reed adds. There's a strong relationship between when you start to have your heart attack (which is generally when symptoms start) and how fast doctors can open up the blocked coronary artery that's causing it -- the shorter the time, the better the outcomes, not just regarding survival but also the likelihood of heart failure or needing to be readmitted to the hospital. When you get to the hospital, medical professionals will likely perform an electrocardiogram, which will determine the diagnosis of a heart attack. If it is a heart attack, you'll be taken to the cardiac catheterization laboratory, where a coronary angiography will be performed. If you have a blockage in your coronary artery, the doctors will offer treatment with a balloon and a stent to keep the artery open. Many people are hesitant to seek emergency medical care due to a lack of insurance or immigration status. In the US, hospitals are required to treat all people who come in with life-threatening emergencies. "It's a lot better to be treated and deal with the financial ramifications after the fact," Reed says. In most cases, costs can be sorted out with the hospital, he adds. jayk7/Getty Images 2. Have an ambulance take you to the hospital If you suspect you're having a heart attack, don't drive yourself to the hospital: Call an ambulance. You could lose consciousness and hurt yourself or others on the road, says Dr. Joel Beachey, a cardiologist at Mayo Clinic Health System in Eau Claire, Wisconsin. The same goes for having a loved one drive you -- if your symptoms worsen, they won't be able to help you while they're driving, and may be distracted. Paramedics can provide the best and fastest care while you're on the way to the hospital, including giving you an assessment and providing some treatment, Beachey says. If you're with someone who is having heart attack symptoms and becomes unconscious, you should first call 911 and then engage in CPR, Breathett says. (You can find free CPR training at your local American Heart Association branch and many other places.) 3. Take aspirin, if you have it If you're having heart attack symptoms and have access to aspirin, take a full dose of 325 mg after calling the ambulance, Beachey says. (If you have baby aspirin, which comes in an 81 mg dose, take four of those.) He recommends chewing it instead of swallowing, so it gets into your system faster. The reason? When you're having a heart attack, a plaque inside your arteries becomes unstable and ruptures, which forms a blood clot that can close off supply to that artery. Taking aspirin can help break down some of that blood clot. ER4. Advocate for yourself In an ideal world, healthcare providers would take all patient concerns seriously when it comes to heart attack symptoms, but studies show women and people of color are less likely to receive adequate treatment for heart attacks and heart disease. For example, older Black women were 50% less likely to be treated when they arrived at a hospital with a heart attack or coronary artery disease symptoms than white women, including after accounting for education, income, insurance status and other heart health complications like diabetes and high blood pressure, a 2019 study found. "It's been very clear over most of our history in the US that women and people of color are not heard," Breathett says. "Their symptoms get dismissed, and they have worse outcomes. As a health care system, we have a lot more work to do to change that system so that each person can get equitable care irrespective of their demographic." Until that time comes, patients need to be their own advocates and speak up for themselves, she adds. If they aren't being heard, they have the right to seek care elsewhere. One tip recommended by a resident on TikTok: If you feel a provider isn't taking your symptoms seriously, for heart health or otherwise, you can ask the provider, "What is your differential diagnosis?" A differential diagnosis is a term to describe what the different diseases are that could be contributing to your symptoms, basically asking the provider to explain why they've ruled out a heart attack and what else it could be. "That might help a person realize, oh, I haven't effectively tested to make sure this is not cardiac disease," Breathett says. You can also bring a family member or friend to help ask questions on your behalf. Write down questions in advance if you can, so you can have them addressed during your short visit. And call back with any questions that weren't answered. If you're not satisfied or feel that you're not being heard, seek out another care team. 5. Work on prevention You've heard it a million times, but that's because it's true: The best way to prevent a heart attack is by maintaining a healthy diet, doing moderate exercise for 120 to 150 minutes per week, keeping your cholesterol and blood pressure under control and not attacks can happen to people of any age, race or gender. You should get regular physical exams with your primary care provider to assess your risk and make lifestyle changes that can help with prevention. Some people might also benefit from taking a baby aspirin every day as a preventative measure, but you'll need to talk to your care provider about that. Exercise is important even if you have a history of heart trouble, Beachey says. Knowing what to do to prevent and respond to a heart attack is just one of the many important elements of your health you should know about. Read on to discover the best workouts to strengthen your heart, the difference between the types of cholesterol and how your diet affects your health. Plus, if you're looking for new ways to monitor your metrics, check out CNET's list of recommended fitness trackers and blood pressure monitors.
Bloomberg
an hour ago
- Bloomberg
UNAIDS Executive Director: ‘The HIV Response Is in Crisis'
Winnie Byanyima says her organization has lost almost 50% of its funding, a gap that is undermining global efforts to combat HIV/AIDS. By Are we unraveling years of progress on fighting HIV/AIDS? For the past two decades, the US has led the global response to a virus and disease that have together claimed more than 40 million lives. But there are still more than a million new infections every year; with no vaccine or cure, preventing further spread is critical. This is why there was so much alarm from campaigners and experts when the US Department of Government Efficiency, led by Elon Musk, started slashing foreign aid. In an interview last month, Musk himself told me that HIV-prevention programs were ongoing. But Winnie Byanyima, executive director of the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS, tells a different story. Her organization is one of the key bodies fighting the virus globally — UNAIDS operates in nearly 100 countries — and Byanyima says the disruption she's seeing is both real and deadly. We spoke while Byanyima was on a visit to South Africa, where the rollout of one of the most promising HIV-prevention tools in a generation is now in doubt. 'Even if I get the next batch of medicines,' one aid worker in Soweto told her, 'they may expire because the two people I had who go out and reach people in their communities [are no longer there].' This interview has been edited for length and clarity. First of all, are you able to set the record straight? To what extent has your work at UNAIDS been affected by the DOGE-led cuts to USAID? First, globally, the HIV response is in crisis. Clinics have closed. Prevention services have halted. People are losing access to lifesaving medicines. People are scared. Our work as the UN leader of the global HIV response is also affected severely. We've lost close to 50% of our funding. It came from two pockets of the United States government. So we are also struggling to stay alive. But there is a crisis and a huge disruption, the biggest since the global response was created about 25 years ago. I know that Elon Musk has doubted that these disruptions are there,[and] has even said that if they are there, he would fix them. 1 I know he has left government, but I'll be happy to go with him anywhere in Africa or Asia to show him, or take any other American official to see what the real impacts are for people living with HIV and for people at risk of HIV, like gay men [or] women and girls in Africa. In our May conversation, Musk said he did not believe many HIV-prevention programs had stalled: 'If in fact this is true, which I doubt it is, then we'll fix it.' But he also questioned the assertion that cutting USAID would result in any fatalities, saying that recipient organizations 'don't even try to come up with a show orphan' to back up their claims of saving lives. When you say the HIV response globally is in crisis, how much of that is to do with US funding cuts? How great is America 's responsibility for that situation? Huge. The United States government and US taxpayers were contributing a lion's share of the support to developing countries to fight this disease, up to 73%. You might say, why the United States? Well, it's the wealthiest country in the world, and these are the poorest countries in the world. By pulling its funding away very quickly, the US didn't [give] these highly indebted countries — that are heavily impacted by [the] climate crisis, that have huge burdens of disease beyond HIV — enough time to be able to fill the gap. 2 UNAIDS created a portal to track the real-time effects of US funding cuts in the developing countries in which it operates, including observations from officials in the field. 'My greatest fear is that we will return to the dark days of the epidemic,' says the director of UNAIDS in Zambia. But what about other donors? What about rich countries in the Middle East or other G-7 countries or philanthropists with deep pockets? There have been two main sources of funding to support developing countries [on HIV/AIDS]. One is the American program, PEPFAR, the presidential initiative, and the other is called the Global Fund, where other donors — the Europeans, the Japanese, the Chinese — all put money together and help the developing countries. When the major contributor pulls out with little notice, things collapse. That is what has happened. In South Africa, which funds 80% of its own response and has been getting US support for only 17%, I visited a clinic in Soweto and saw the impact. A man who works [there] told me, 'Even if I get the next batch of medicines, they may expire because the two people I had who go out and reach people in their communities and bring them for service [are no longer there].' He's seeing a drop in the numbers of people coming forward to get what they need to prevent or to be treated. 3 This is backed up by recent Bloomberg reporting from South Africa, which has the world's largest HIV-treatment program with 80% of 7.8 million infected people on medication. So we are seeing that even in a country that's not so dependent, there are disruptions. Even in a country where the will is so strong, like South Africa, you're still seeing a gap that is definitely going to result in more new infections and more deaths. We know from our modeling that if the gap is not filled by other funding, in the next four years we are going to see up to 6.6 million additional new infections and additional deaths of 4.2 million. And that's in addition to what we were already estimating. PEPFAR, the program that you are referring to, 4 is the responsibility of the State Department. Marco Rubio, the Secretary of State, says 85% of PEPFAR is functional. PEPFAR stands for the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief. It was a US policy choice that began during the George W. Bush administration in 2003, and has since then provided cumulative funding of $120 billion for HIV/AIDS treatment. That's roughly as much as the US government spends on its Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (food stamps) in a single year. It isn't exactly that because the PEPFAR program on the ground is implemented by two parts of the American government, the CDC [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention] in Atlanta and USAID. Now USAID has been shut. So there's no work that was done by USAID that's going on right now, though some work by the CDC is still going on. 'I say to President Trump: You are a man who likes to do a deal. Here's a deal.' But over and above that, there has been confusion. First, the cut was a stop-work order for everything. Then, within a week — and we thank the American administration for realizing that this was going to cost lives — they said it can come back, but only some of it. We see testing and treatment coming back by the CDC. We don't see much progress on prevention. So in many places, prevention clinics where people get their condoms, their PrEP, vaginal ring, whatever — these are not open. So we do see many gaps, particularly for women and girls in Africa, gay men, sex workers and people who inject drugs. They have their special clinics; those too have closed. It seems then that you think the statement '85% of PEPFAR is functional' is inaccurate, or misleading. It is inaccurate to the extent that the impact for the very low-income countries is huge. Our own data shows us that the impact is much bigger than that. 5 We asked the State Department to respond to UNAIDS' assertion that many HIV-prevention programs supported by the US have stalled. They told us they continue to support testing, care, treatment and prevention of mother-to-child transmission, and that an estimated 85% of beneficiaries could be receiving lifesaving treatment and prevention of mother-to-child transmission. All other PEPFAR-funded services are under review. Did you have any contact with Elon Musk's team at DOGE? We appealed to him publicly. I am very loud on social media and said I'm happy to meet him and take him to see. Anyway, he's left government. We are addressing ourselves now to the American government to say, 'You started something strong.' A Republican government, President Bush, came out at a time of the worst pandemic of the century and [began] a program to save lives. Right now, there are tools that could end this pandemic, and I say to President Trump: You are a man who likes to do a deal. Here's a deal. There is an American innovation called lenacapavir that's 100% effective to stop infections. An American innovation that creates American jobs that could be rolled out and we could cut down new infections almost to zero. Why not do this? That would be another Republican president bringing a revolution on prevention. This could be a win-win. Get the Bloomberg Weekend newsletter. Big ideas and open questions in the fascinating places where finance, life and culture meet. Sign Up By continuing, I agree to the Privacy Policy and Terms of Service. It is a US pharmaceutical company, Gilead, that's behind lenacapavir, which has been through lots of trials. But there would still be an issue, wouldn't there? It is likely to be extremely expensive. Wouldn't access to the drug possibly be like antiretrovirals in their early years, when they were out of the reach of the world's poorest people? You are right. We are hearing rumors in the media of $25,000 per person per year, and [if] it comes out at that price, then it will not bring new infections down to zero. 6 When they first came out, antiretrovirals used to treat HIV infections could cost more than $10,000 a year, but they eventually became widely available thanks to the work of aid organizations. Now lencapavir promises to provide six-month protection from infection, eliminating the need to take daily pills. On June 18, Gilead said that lenacapavir, marketed as Yeztugo, has a list price of $28,218 per year. It sounds as if this has been an extraordinary rollercoaster. You had immense hope that 2025 could be a breakthrough year, and instead you spent the first half of it almost battling for the organization's survival? That's true. I'm letting people go. People who have, over 20 years, built the experience to support this response. It's sad and it's unnecessary considering the billions that are being spent on building up new weapons systems and fighting wars. My core budget was not even $150 million [a year], but now it's been slashed by almost half. It's a sad moment, but we won't give up. I'm inspired by the governments and the people in countries [that] aren't giving up. They are stretching themselves, volunteering, doing things differently. We've got to keep people alive. So we are pushing on. We will continue fighting. I read that you are having to fight on another front at this moment, a personal front. You grew up in Uganda, you served your country as a political leader before you moved into international work, 7 and your husband is a longtime opposition leader in Uganda. Is it the case that he remains imprisoned, as we speak, on very serious charges? Byanyima has had quite a career. She was a flight engineer for Uganda Airlines, a combatant (alongside her husband) in the National Resistance Army and Uganda's ambassador to France from 1989 until 1994. She helped draft Uganda's 1995 constitution, and served two consecutive terms as a member of parliament before serving in leadership roles at the African Union and Oxfam International. She became executive director of UNAIDS in August 2019. That is true, Mishal. My country has struggled through crises since independence. We thought we had turned the corner through a revolution that brought back democracy, but we've seen reversals in the last 10 to 15 years. My husband has been an opposition leader for the last 25 years. But for most of those, he's been in and out of jail — always criminalized, but always being exonerated by the courts. Last November he was abducted from neighboring Kenya and taken across the border. It's now six months he's been in jail. He hasn't been tried. For a long time he was not even charged, he was just illegally being held. He's not the only political prisoner, but we have the international human rights organizations supporting his cause, supporting that he should be released on bail, so that he can fight whatever charge they may have against him. 8 In February, Byanyima's husband Kizza Besigye was charged with treason over an alleged plot to overthrow Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni. Besigye has unsuccessfully tried to unseat Museveni — who has been in power since 1986 — in four elections. How is he and are you able to be in contact with him? We are in contact with him and able to visit him. But he's not in a good condition. He's in a tiny cell where you can hardly even sit by his bedside, there's not enough room. So yes, I am angry at how he's being treated. I'm angry at the illegality that the president has shown. The Supreme Court decided that as a civilian, he should not be tried by the military. [President Yoweri Museveni] reversed it by bringing a law before Parliament to allow civilians to be tried by the military. 'No one anywhere — in any country in the world, rich or poor — should take freedom for granted, should assume that because they're enjoying human rights, because there's rule of law at a certain point in time, that it'll always be there.' Didn't he used to be a friend of yours, President Museveni? He is a family friend. I first met him when I was little. He was always in and out of the family home. He was a friend of my parents. This is just about politics and power. President Museveni has never quite accepted the idea of being a democratically elected leader who respects an opposition and competes with them fairly. I wonder what this leads you to conclude about the nature of power and authority. Your generation knows what dictatorship was like when you were growing up, the time of Idi Amin. You ended up having to leave Uganda, you came back, and you were part of building institutional governance. What are the lessons of how to build a nation to ensure structures that safeguard people's rights? You raise a very important point. No one anywhere — in any country in the world, rich or poor — should take freedom for granted, should assume that because they're enjoying human rights, because there's rule of law at a certain point in time, that it'll always be there. You can have reversals. Sudden reversals or slow reversals, but reversals do happen. You must always be working as a citizen, doing your duty to protect your constitution, to defend the rule of law, to defend the human rights of others, not just for yourself. May I close, Winnie, by asking you what gives you strength? To be battling on these two fronts — one professional, one personal — at the same time, it would take a lot out of anyone. It is tough, but the truth is that I have lived a life of struggle. I don't say my life was always rough. I've had, and I still have, very many happy moments. But at every point I have had to be a part of struggles, to make lives better — for myself and for others. What's happening to me on the personal front, what's happening on the professional side, I see them all as a struggle for justice. Justice for my husband, justice for people living with HIV, justice for those who are denied their rights because of their sexual orientation, because of who they are. So I live day by day and think everybody has their load to carry. And that's mine. Mishal Husain is Editor at Large for Bloomberg Weekend. More On Bloomberg
CNN
an hour ago
- CNN
Britain's lawmakers vote to legalize assisted dying, a landmark move after a fraught national debate
Lawmakers in Britain have narrowly approved a bill to legalize assisted dying for terminally ill people, capping a fraught debate in Parliament and across the country that cut across political, religious and legal divides. MPs passed the bill by 314 votes to 291, in their final say on the question. The bill – which has split lawmakers and sparked impassioned conversations with their constituents the breadth of Britain – will now move to the House of Lords for its final rounds of scrutiny. Friday's vote puts Britain firmly on track to join a small club of nations that have legalized the process, and one of the largest by population to allow it. It allows people with a terminal condition and less than six months to live to take a substance to end their lives, as long as they are capable of making the decision themselves. Two doctors and a panel would need to sign off on the choice. Canada, New Zealand, Spain and most of Australia allow assisted dying in some form, as do several US states, including Oregon, Washington and California. Friday's vote in Parliament coincided with a charged public debate about whether the state should be dictating the choices available to Britons in the final moments of their lives. Proponents included Esther Rantzen, a BBC TV presenter with advanced lung cancer, who argued that the choice would save millions from unnecessary suffering. 'If we don't vote to change the law today, what does that mean?,' asked Kim Leadbeater, the MP who introduced the bill last year. 'It means we will have many more years of heartbreaking stories from terminally ill people and their families, of pain and trauma, suicide attempts, PTSD, lonely trips to (clinics in) Switzerland, police investigations.' The option, she said, is 'not a choice between living and dying: it is a choice for terminally ill people about how they die.' But opponents have criticized the bill on religious and ethical grounds, and raised issues with a legislative process they accuse of being opaque. Former British Prime Minister Gordon Brown argued that fixing Britain's strained end-of-live care system should be prioritized, writing in a rare intervention in The Guardian that the bill 'would privilege the legal right to assisted dying without guaranteeing anything approaching an equivalent right to high-quality palliative care for those close to death.' Seriously ill people 'need the health and social care system fixing first,' Labour MP Vicky Foxcroft said in Parliament Friday. 'They want us as parliamentarians to assist them to live, not to die.' Friday's debate was concluded with a free vote, meaning that MPs were allowed to decide for or against the bill according to their conscience, and free from any party-line whipping. The proposed bill is broadly in line with the Oregon model, and does not go as far as Switzerland, the Netherlands and Canada, which allow assisted death in cases of suffering, not just for terminally ill people. It differs from euthanasia, the process in which another person deliberately ends someone's life to relieve suffering. It is currently a crime to help somebody die in England and Wales, punishable by up to 14 years in prison. Performing euthanasia on a person, meanwhile, is considered murder or manslaughter.
