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Indian Express
a day ago
- General
- Indian Express
Mains answer practice — GS 1 : Questions on significance of the triratna and temple architecture (Week 107)
UPSC Essentials brings to you its initiative for the practice of Mains answer writing. It covers essential topics of static and dynamic parts of the UPSC Civil Services syllabus covered under various GS papers. This answer-writing practice is designed to help you as a value addition to your UPSC CSE Mains. Attempt today's answer writing on questions related to topics of GS-1 to check your progress. 🚨 Click Here to read the UPSC Essentials magazine for June 2025. Share your views and suggestions in the comment box or at Discuss the major structural and decorative differences between the Nāgara and Drāviḍa temple traditions. Explain the significance of the triratna ('Three Jewels') in the quest of nibbāna. Explain how Buddha, Dhamma, and Sangha interact as interconnected underpinnings of the Buddhist path. Introduction — The introduction of the answer is essential and should be restricted to 3-5 lines. Remember, a one-liner is not a standard introduction. — It may consist of basic information by giving some definitions from the trusted source and authentic facts. Body — It is the central part of the answer and one should understand the demand of the question to provide rich content. — The answer must be preferably written as a mix of points and short paragraphs rather than using long paragraphs or just points. — Using facts from authentic government sources makes your answer more comprehensive. Analysis is important based on the demand of the question, but do not over analyse. — Underlining keywords gives you an edge over other candidates and enhances presentation of the answer. — Using flowcharts/tree-diagram in the answers saves much time and boosts your score. However, it should be used logically and only where it is required. Way forward/ conclusion — The ending of the answer should be on a positive note and it should have a forward-looking approach. However, if you feel that an important problem must be highlighted, you may add it in your conclusion. Try not to repeat any point from body or introduction. — You may use the findings of reports or surveys conducted at national and international levels, quotes etc. in your answers. Self Evaluation — It is the most important part of our Mains answer writing practice. UPSC Essentials will provide some guiding points or ideas as a thought process that will help you to evaluate your answers. QUESTION 1: Discuss the major structural and decorative differences between the Nāgara and Drāviḍa temple traditions. Note: This is not a model answer. It only provides you with thought process which you may incorporate into the answers. Introduction: — Indian temple architecture follows two main traditions: Nāgara (northern) and Draviḍa (southern). — In addition to these two, Indian art treatises discuss a third sort of construction tradition known as the 'Vesara' or hybrid. The etymological meaning of the term has led researchers in the past to interpret this category as a synthesis of northern and southern artistic traditions and to identify it with the geographically appropriate Deccan region. Body: You may incorporate some of the following points in your answer: Nagara or North Indian Temple Style — Nagara is a temple building style that rose to prominence in northern India. In North India, it is typical to construct an entire temple on a stone platform with steps going up to it. — The earliest temples had only one tower, or shikhara, whereas later temples had multiple. The garbhagriha is always situated right beneath the tallest structure. — Nagara temples are divided into various categories based on the shape of the shikhara. The various components of the temple are known by different names in different parts of India; nevertheless, the plain shikhara is the most prevalent. — The phamsana is the nagara order's second primary architectural form. Phamsana buildings are often larger and shorter than Latina buildings. Their roofs are made up of many slabs that slowly rise to a single point above the core of the building, as opposed to Latina roofs, which appear to be sharply rising towering towers. — The third major kind of nagara buildings is known as the valabhi type. These are rectangular structures with roofs that rise into vaulted chambers. The vaulted chamber's edge is rounded, similar to the bamboo or wooden waggons hauled by bullocks in ancient times. They are commonly known as 'wagonvaulted buildings'. Dravida or South Indian Temple Style — The Dravidian temple is encircled by a compound wall. The front wall has an entrance gateway in the centre, known as a gopuram. In Tamil Nadu, the main temple tower, known as vimana, is shaped like a stepped pyramid that rises geometrically, as opposed to North India's bending shikhara. — In South Indian temples, the term'shikhara' refers only to the crowning part at the top of the temple, which is typically formed like a tiny stupika or an octagonal cupola—this is analogous to the amlak and kalasha of North Indian temples. To read more: How Indian temple architecture is rooted in art, religion, and politics Conclusion: — The evolution of Indian temple building is based on a complex interplay of art, religion, politics, and culture. While it began modestly, it grew into a sophisticated tradition that differed by region while maintaining a consistent cultural character. — Temples were frequently visited by powerful monarchs to worship their preferred deity while also asserting, consolidating, and legitimising their rule over an existing or new area. Rajaraja Cola, for example, constructed the Thanjavur Brihadesvara temple to demonstrate his authority over the region. — Kanchipuram, Thanjavur or Tanjore, Madurai, and Kumbakonam are the most well-known temple cities in Tamil Nadu, where temples served more than only religious purposes from the seventh to the twelfth centuries. Temples grew into prosperous administrative centres, governing enormous tracts of territory. (Source: How Indian temple architecture is rooted in art, religion, and politics, Points to Ponder Read more about Indian Temples Read about important temples in news in India Related Previous Year Questions How will you explain that Medieval Indian temple sculptures represent the social life of those days? (2022) Chola architecture represents a high watermark in the evolution of temple architecture. Discuss. (2013) QUESTION 2: Explain the significance of the triratna ('Three Jewels') in the quest of nibbāna. Explain how Buddha, Dhamma, and Sangha interact as interconnected underpinnings of the Buddhist path. Note: This is not a model answer. It only provides you with thought process which you may incorporate into the answers. Introduction: — Buddhism, founded on Siddhartha Gautama's or Buddha's teachings, lays forth the road to nibbana (freedom). The Buddha, Dhamma, and Sangha are the three jewels of Buddhism, and they are important to this path. — These three, also known as the tisarana (threefold refuge), are places of sanctuary for Buddhists, both laity (upasakas/upasikas) and monastics. Body: You may incorporate some of the following points in your answer: — The Buddha is the first and most fundamental of the three refuges. He is renowned as an awakened teacher who discovered and spread the road to liberation. — In Buddhism, Dhamma refers to the Buddha's teachings, which are based on the ariya sacchani or four noble truths and the atthanga magga or eightfold way. It describes ethical behaviour, discipline, and wisdom as the pillars of an individual's development. Impermanence (anichcha) is a key concept in the Buddha's teaching in this regard. — In the framework of a person's life and existence, no force in the cosmos can avert the unavoidable. As Siddhartha discovered on his first visit outside the palace, the beginning of old age, disease, and death is unavoidable. As a result, the conceptions of 'I','me', and'self' are ever-changing and comprised of a variety of experiences. — This idea is intimately related to Buddhism's rejection of anything permanent, including the soul or atman. Buddhism offers the doctrine of anattā (non-self), which holds that there is no permanent self or essence within beings or occurrences. This principle is expressed through a discourse between King Milinda and monk Nāgasena from Milindapañhā. — In Buddhist teachings, the Dhamma is sometimes compared to a raft, a powerful metaphor utilised in the Majjhima Nikaya. The book depicts a man who comes across a big river in flood. The shore he stands on is perilous and filled with terror, yet the far shore appears safe. However, there is no bridge or boat to help him cross the river. — After the Buddha and the Dhamma, the Sangha is the third jewel of the triratna. The Sangha is Buddhism's monastic organisation, created during the Buddha's lifetime. It was the central institution for disseminating the Buddha's teachings. — The Sangha's regulations specify aspects of monastic life, such as what its members should eat, how they should speak and walk, what they should dress, and how they should behave. These regulations also establish standards for settling conflicts and establishing the relationship between the Sangha and the laity. The Vinaya Pitaka also details the monks' first travelling lifestyle and ultimate transition to fixed dwelling. (Source: Three jewels that shape Buddhist philosophy and way of life) Points to Ponder Read about Vinaya Pitaka, Milindapañhā Read more about Buddhism Related Previous Year Questions Early Buddhist Stupa-art, while depicting folk motifs and narratives successfully expounds Buddhist ideals. Elucidate. (2016) Pala period is the most significant phase in the history of Buddhism in India. Enumerate. (2020) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 3 (Week 106) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 3 (Week 107) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 2 (Week 106) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 2 (Week 107) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 1 (Week 106) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 1 (Week 105) Subscribe to our UPSC newsletter and stay updated with the news cues from the past week. Stay updated with the latest UPSC articles by joining our Telegram channel – IndianExpress UPSC Hub, and follow us on Instagram and X.
Indian Express
2 days ago
- Automotive
- Indian Express
Daily subject-wise quiz : Economy MCQs on automobile loading terminals of the Indian Railways, FASTag and more (Week 115)
UPSC Essentials brings to you its initiative of subject-wise quizzes. These quizzes are designed to help you revise some of the most important topics from the static part of the syllabus. Attempt today's subject quiz on Economy to check your progress. 🚨 Click Here to read the UPSC Essentials magazine for May 2025. Share your views and suggestions in the comment box or at With reference to the FASTag, consider the following statements: 1. It is managed by the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) and the National Highways Authority of India (NHAI). 2. It was launched in 2014 as a pilot project and made mandatory at every toll plaza in the country in 2021. 3. In its new annual pass scheme, there is no limitation on the number of trips. How many of the statements given above are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Explanation — The Minister of Road Transport and Highways introduced an annual FASTag-based permit of Rs 3,000 for 'hassle-free highway travel.' — FASTag is an electronic toll collecting system operated by the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) by the National Highways Authority of India (NHAI). A FASTag sticker is typically placed on the windscreen of a vehicle. Hence, statement 1 is correct. — It was established as a trial initiative in 2014 and will become required at all toll plazas in the country by 2021. Hence, statement 2 is correct. — The new annual pass plan, enabled on the FASTag, will let private cars, jeeps and vans to pass via National Highway (NH) and National Motorway (NE) pay plazas for the specified term without incurring per-trip user fees. — Once the Annual Pass has completed 200 travels or one year from the date of activation, it will automatically return to a regular FASTag. However, after the 200-trip limit is reached, the user may repurchase the Annual Pass, even if the one-year validity period has not yet expired. Hence, statement 3 is not correct. — The pass is not transferable and is only valid for the vehicle to which the FASTag is affixed and registered. Therefore, option (b) is the correct answer. With reference to the Strait of Hormuz, consider the following statements: 1. Around one-fifth of global liquid petroleum fuel consumption and global liquefied natural gas (LNG) trade transits through the strait. 2. It is a critical narrow waterway between Iran and Kuwait. 3. It connects the Persian Gulf with the Gulf of Oman and the Arabian Sea. 4. India's LNG imports from Qatar do not come through the Strait of Hormuz. How many of the statements given above are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four Explanation — The Strait of Hormuz is a narrow waterway between Iran and Oman that connects the Persian Gulf, the Gulf of Oman, and the Arabian Sea. Hence, statement 2 is not correct and statement 3 is correct. — The US Energy Information Administration (EIA) refers to it as the 'world's most important oil transit chokepoint,' with the strait handling around one-fifth of worldwide liquid petroleum fuel usage and liquefied natural gas (LNG) traffic. Hence, statement 1 is correct. — Much of India's oil comes from significant West Asian sources such as Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE and is transported to Indian ports via the Strait of Hormuz. The majority of India's LNG imports, which are primarily from Qatar, also pass through this critical choke point. Hence, statement 4 is not correct. Therefore, option (b) is the correct answer. With reference to the automobile loading terminals of the Indian Railways and region associated, consider the following pairs: 1. Chitpur – Eastern Railway 2. Hirakud – East Coast Railway 3. New Tinsukia – Northeast Frontier Railway How many of the pairs given above are correctly marked? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Explanation — Amid a campaign to reduce carbon emissions in the automobile sector, the Indian Railways' share of passenger vehicles shipped has climbed to more than 20% of total car production in the country in 2024-25, up from 1.7% in 2014-15. This has created a fresh opportunity for the railways to increase revenue while also fulfilling India's net zero emission objective by 2070. — The Ministry of Railways has also added many automobile loading terminals in recent years namely Chitpur (Eastern Railway), Penukonda (South Western Railway), Nasrala (Northern Railway), Nautanwa and Bakshi ka Talab (North Eastern Railway), Mesra (East Central Railway), Hirakud (East Coast Railway), Champaner and Chharodi (Western Railway), Baihata, Salchapra, Furkating, New Tinsukia, Jirania, Agthori (Northeast Frontier Railway), Loni, Khadki, AJNI, Vilad (Central Railway) etc. Therefore, option (c) is the correct answer. The French military aircraft and business jet maker Dassault Aviation will manufacture its best-selling business executive jet—the Falcon 2000—at Nagpur in partnership with: (a) Tata Advanced Systems Limited (b) Mahindra Aerospace (c) Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (d) Reliance Aerostructure Limited Explanation — Dassault Aviation, a French military aircraft and business jet manufacturer, will produce its best-selling business executive jet, the Falcon 2000, in Nagpur in collaboration with Reliance Group company Reliance Aerostructure Ltd (RAL). — At the Paris Air Show, the two firms announced a strategic cooperation for this goal, stating that the first Falcon 2000 plane built in India will be ready in 2028. — Dassault Aviation will construct Falcon 2000 jets outside of France for the first time in the company's long history. This pioneering endeavour will position India as a strategic hub for high-end business jet manufacture. — It is a momentous time for the Indian aerospace and manufacturing industries, as the landmark agreement allows India to join the elite club of countries building next-generation business jets, which includes the United States, France, Canada, and Brazil. Therefore, option (d) is the correct answer. As of May 2025, what is the correct chronological order of these countries in terms of economy from top to bottom? 1. United States 2. Germany 3. China 4. India 5. Japan Select the correct answer using the codes given below: (a) 1—2—3—4—5 (b) 1—3—5—2—4 (c) 1—5—4—3—2 (d) 1—3—2—4—5 Explanation — BVR Subrahmanyam, CEO of Aayog, announced that India had surpassed Japan to become the world's fourth largest economy. — Subrahmanyam, citing International Monetary Fund (IMF) figures, stated that India is now larger than Japan. Until 2024, India was the world's fifth largest economy. 'It is only the US, China and Germany which are larger than India, and if we stick to what is being planned and what is being thought through, in 2.5-3 years, we will be the third largest economy,' Subrahmanyam told the crowd. — In its April World Economic Outlook (WEO) report, the IMF predicted that India would be the world's fourth largest economy by 2025, with a GDP of USD 4.19 trillion, ahead of Japan. — The IMF forecasts India's nominal GDP for 2025 (FY26) to be USD 4.187 billion, slightly higher than Japan's probable GDP of USD 4.187 billion. According to IMF figures, India's per capita income has doubled, from USD 1,438 in 2013-14 to USD 2,880 in 2025. Therefore, option (d) is the correct answer. Daily Subject-wise quiz — History, Culture, and Social Issues (Week 114) Daily subject-wise quiz — Polity and Governance (Week 115) Daily subject-wise quiz — Science and Technology (Week 115) Daily subject-wise quiz — Economy (Week 114) Daily subject-wise quiz — Environment and Geography (Week 114) Daily subject-wise quiz – International Relations (Week 114) Subscribe to our UPSC newsletter and stay updated with the news cues from the past week. Stay updated with the latest UPSC articles by joining our Telegram channel – IndianExpress UPSC Hub, and follow us on Instagram and X.
Indian Express
2 days ago
- Politics
- Indian Express
How did the Israel-Iran conflict escalate? A look from history to its impact
UPSC Issue at a Glance is an initiative by UPSC Essentials aimed at streamlining your preparation for the prelims and mains examinations by focusing on current issues making headlines. Every Thursday, cover a new topic in a lucid way. This week, we explain to you the Israel-Iran conflict through its history, recent escalation, and potential impact. Let's get started. If you missed the previous UPSC Issue at a Glance | RBI Explained – History, tools of monetary policy, and surplus transfer from the Indian Express, read it here. Thursday (June 19) marks the seventh day of Israel's offensive, which has targeted key nuclear and military sites like Natanz and Isfahan, killing top generals and scientists. Notably, on June 13, Israel launched airstrikes towards Iran, targeting multiple nuclear and military facilities, and killing several senior military officers and scientists under what Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu called 'Operation Rising Lion'. Later, Iran launched waves of ballistic missiles towards Israel in retaliation. The Israeli offensive not only jeopardised the Iran nuclear talks but also heightened fears of a wider regional conflagration with serious implications. The latest flare-up in the Israel-Iran conflict could have serious consequences for the region and beyond. In this week's UPSC Issue at a Glance, we unpack this issue by tracing the history of Israel-Iran relations, the causes of recent escalation and the potential implications. (Relevance: UPSC Syllabus General Studies-II: International Relations, Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India's interests. FYI: UPSC has previously asked questions on various regional connectivity projects; for instance, a question was asked on INSTC in prelims this year, and in prelims 2017, a question was asked on Chabahar port (do check it in the post-read questions); thus, it becomes essential to know about these projects.) Given the current state of conflict between Israel and Iran, people may easily overlook the years of cooperative relations between these two nations. Thus, knowing about the historical ties between Iran and Israel becomes essential. (i) Pre-1979 Iran-Israel ties: In 1948, the opposition of Arab states to Israel led to the first Arab-Israeli war. Iran was not a part of that conflict, and after Israel won, it established ties with the Jewish state. It was the second Muslim-majority country to do so after Turkey. In this phase of bilateral ties, as an analysis from the Brookings Institute ('Iran's revolution, 40 years on: Israel's reverse periphery doctrine') notes, Israel tried to counter the hostility of Arab states at the time with the 'periphery doctrine' under its first Prime Minister David Ben Gurion. The Pahlavi dynasty, under the Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, ruled Iran then. It had US support, as did Israel, and the two countries maintained ties with each other, with Iran also selling oil to Israel amid its economic boycott by Arab states. (ii) The 1979 Revolution: In this phase, a religious state was established in Iran after the Shah was overthrown in the 1979 Islamic Revolution. The regime's view of Israel changed, and it was seen as an occupier of Palestinian land. Iranian Supreme Leader Ayatollah Khomeini termed Israel 'Little Satan' and the United States the 'Great Satan', seeing the two as parties interfering in the region. Iran also sought to grow its presence in the region, challenging the two major powers Saudi Arabia and Israel – both of whom were US allies. (iii) Shadow War after 1979: After 1979, the ties between the countries worsened. While Israel and Iran have never engaged in direct military confrontation, both attempted to inflict damage on the other through proxies and limited strategic attacks. Israel has attacked Iranian nuclear facilities from time to time. In the early 2010s, it targeted several facilities and nuclear scientists in a bid to prevent it from developing nuclear weapons. In 2010, the US and Israel are believed to have developed Stuxnet, a malicious computer virus. Used to attack a uranium enrichment facility at Iran's Natanz nuclear site, it was the 'first publicly known cyberattack on industrial machinery', according to Reuters. According to Explained article on short history of Iran-Israel ties, 'Iran, meanwhile, is seen as responsible for funding and supporting several militant groups in the region that are anti-Israel and anti-US, such as Hezbollah in Lebanon and Hamas in the Gaza Strip.' Iran and Israel have shared a long history of antagonism, starting post the 1979 revolution in Iran which removed the West-friendly Shah from power. Today, Iran does not recognise Israel's right to exist. On the other hand, Israel's controversial Begin doctrine has been a source of significant conflict – diplomatic and otherwise – between the two nations. The two countries have been engaged in multiple proxy conflicts, and actually came face to face during the 2006 Lebanon War. Over the years, the ties devolved with little trust on either side. Iran's support for Hamas and other Iran-backed regional actors, such as Hezbollah, especially after October 7, 2023, has drawn Israel's ire. Last year, the Israel-Iran relations worsened more when for the first time Iran launched a direct attack aimed at targets within Israel. Iran-Israel bilateral ties hit new lows when, on June 13 this year, Israel launched 'Operation Rising Lion' against Iran. Several factors have contributed to the recent escalation in the Israel-Iran conflict. Let's take a closer look. 1. 'Nuclear threat' to Israel: Prime Minister of Israel, Benjamin Netanyahu framed the biggest attack on Iran in decades as an attempt to remove the 'nuclear threat' to Israel. Addressing the people of Iran in a video message, he said the time had come for them to stand up for their freedom from an 'evil and oppressive regime', which has 'never been weaker'. Further explaining Israel's 'pre-emptive strikes', Netanyahu said Iran had 'taken steps that it has never taken before… to weaponise enriched uranium,' and 'if not stopped, Iran could produce a nuclear weapon in a very short time,' perhaps even 'within a few months.' Notably, the great strategic concern in Israel is Iran possessing nuclear weapons, and to that end, it has previously launched attacks on scientists (although more targeted and tactical ones). Iran says it is not looking to develop weapons, and has simply invested in nuclear power over the decades. 2. IAEA's Board of Governors censured Iran: Friday's attacks came one day after the International Atomic Energy Agency's (IAEA) Board of Governors censured Iran for the first time in 20 years for not working with its inspectors. On Thursday ( June 12) IAEA passed a resolution declaring Iran as being non-compliant with its non-proliferation obligations. The resolution came on the back of a recent IAEA investigation that found Iran was conducting 'secret nuclear activities' at three locations. The Israel-Iran conflict triggered serious concern among major stakeholders in the region, including India. Some of the potential implications of escalated Iran-Israel conflict are: 1. Fears of surging oil prices: Just as global shipping lines and traders had started to breathe a sigh of relief from elevated freight rates, with vessels returning to the crucial Red Sea route from the longer Cape of Good Hope passage, a conflict between two major West Asian powers — Iran and Israel — has reignited fears of surging oil prices and more trade disruptions. Since the war began on June 13, global Brent crude prices have risen by around 11 per cent — from levels of $67.34 per barrel on June 12 to around $74.6 per barrel on Tuesday. This is a significant spike — and several global financial firms are projecting that oil could cross $100 per barrel in case the crisis continues and worsens. 2. Risk of wider energy disruption: Experts warn that Iran may respond by closing the strategic Strait of Hormuz — a key passage through which 20–25 per cent of global oil supply transits, as well as a critical corridor for LNG shipments from Qatar and the UAE. Qatar, notably, is among the top LNG suppliers to India. Ravi Dutta Mishra of The Indian Express explains, 'S&P Global noted that, so far, both Iran and Israel have avoided directly targeting energy infrastructure. However, Israel has temporarily shut its Leviathan gas field — a key supplier to Egypt and Jordan — as a precaution. Iran, meanwhile, reported no damage to its oil refineries or storage depots in the initial attacks. Iran possesses approximately 2.2 million b/d of crude refining capacity and an additional 600,000 b/d of condensate splitter capacity. In May, it produced about 4 million b/d of crude and condensate. According to S&P Global, Iran's crude exports could fall below 1.5 million b/d this month.' 3. Rising freight rates: With the escalation in Iran-Israel conflict, there is possibility that freight rates will increase. As Ravi Dutta Mishra of The Indian Express explains, 'Now, with traders' worst fears materialising, vessels may be forced to continue using the Cape of Good Hope route. This detour means sustained upward pressure on freight rates. The Red Sea crisis had already caused a spike in shipping costs due to voyage duration increasing by 10–14 days. Longer voyages also tightened vessel availability, exerting inflationary pressure on freight rates.' Beyond the above-written potential implications, there is a possibility that global governance would also be impacted by continuing instability in the Middle East. The Israel-Iran conflict triggered serious concern among major stakeholders in the region, including India. Indian Ministry of External Affairs spokesperson Randhir Jaiswal on Friday urged both Israel and Iran 'to avoid any escalatory steps,' saying India has 'close and friendly' relations with the two nations. Nonetheless, escalated Israel-Iran conflict puts India's regional connectivity strategy like the International North South Transport Corridor, and the Chabahar port at risk. Notably, The International North South Transport Corridor (INSTC), which was initiated by Russia, India, and Iran, is a multi-modal transportation project linking the Indian Ocean and Persian Gulf to the Caspian Sea via Iran, and onward to northern Europe via St Petersburg in Russia. This corridor aims to reduce transit times to about 25 days — 20 days fewer than the Suez Canal route — and cut freight costs by 30 per cent. The INSTC envisages the movement of goods from Mumbai to Bandar Abbas in Iran by sea; from Bandar Abbas to Bandar-e-Anzali, an Iranian port on the Caspian Sea, by road; from Bandar-e-Anzali to Astrakhan, a Caspian port in the Russian Federation by ship across the Caspian Sea; and onward to other parts of the Russian Federation and Europe by rail. Chabahar is a deep water port in Iran's Sistan-Baluchistan province. It is the Iranian port that is the closest to India, and is located in the open sea, providing easy and secure access for large cargo ships. The port is also part of the proposed INSTC. Chabahar is of strategic importance for India. It offers New Delhi an alternative route that bypasses Pakistan, which does not allow India land access for trade with Afghanistan and Central Asia. Beyond, regional connectivity projects, trade and commerce, energy imports, and Indian expatriates are other vital concerns for New Delhi. It also presents Inflation risk in India. As Ravi Dutta Mishra of The Indian Express explains, 'The renewed instability could pose deeper macroeconomic challenges for India, extending beyond trade, particularly as the country's reliance on oil imports continues to rise. While India was compelled to halt oil imports from Iran following US sanctions in 2019, Goldman Sachs estimates that Iranian supply could fall by 1.75 million barrels per day (b/d) for six months before gradually recovering.' Furthermore, a deepening Israel-Iran conflict might affect India's successful balancing of ties with Israel, Iran and the Gulf Arab states for the past decade. Prelims (1) To which country is the Pahlavi dynasty related? (a) Israel (b) Iran (c) Yemen (d) Palestine (2) The term 'two-state solution' is sometimes mentioned in the news in the context of the affairs of (UPSC CSE 2018) (a) China (b) Israel (c) Iraq (d) Yemen (3) What is the importance of developing Chabahar Port by India? ( UPSC CSE 2017) (a) India's trade with African countries will increase enormously. (b) India's relations with oil-producing Arab countries will be strengthened. (c) India will not depend on Pakistan for access to Afghanistan and Central Asia. (d) Pakistan will facilitate and protect the installation of a gas pipeline between Iraq and India. (4) India is one of the founding members of the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC), a multimodal transportation corridor, which will connect: (UPSC CSE 2025) (a) India to Central Asia to Europe via Iran (b) India to Central Asia via China (c) India to South-East Asia through Bangladesh and Myanmar (d) India to Europe through Azerbaijan Mains 'India's relations with Israel have, of late, acquired a depth and diversity, which cannot be rolled back.' Discuss. (UPSC CSE 2018) (Sources: Explained: A short history of Iran-Israel ties and why they soured after 1979, Iran blames Israel for Isfahan drone attack, Explained: What's happening in the latest Iran-Israel flare-up, in 5 points, Why the Iran-Israel war has not hit Indian markets, Trade to inflation, how Iran-Israel conflict may affect India, markets) Subscribe to our UPSC newsletter. Stay updated with the latest UPSC articles by joining our Telegram channel – Indian Express UPSC Hub, and follow us on Instagram and X. 🚨 Click Here to read the UPSC Essentials magazine for May 2025. Share your views and suggestions in the comment box or at Roshni Yadav is a Deputy Copy Editor with The Indian Express. She is an alumna of the University of Delhi and Jawaharlal Nehru University, where she pursued her graduation and post-graduation in Political Science. She has over five years of work experience in ed-tech and media. At The Indian Express, she writes for the UPSC section. Her interests lie in national and international affairs, governance, economy, and social issues. You can contact her via email: ... Read More
Indian Express
3 days ago
- Science
- Indian Express
Daily subject-wise quiz : Science and Technology MCQs on Small Modular Reactors, carbon dating and more (Week 115)
UPSC Essentials brings to you its initiative of subject-wise quizzes. These quizzes are designed to help you revise some of the most important topics from the static part of the syllabus. Attempt today's subject quiz on Science and Technology to check your progress. 🚨 Click Here to read the UPSC Essentials magazine for May 2025. Share your views and suggestions in the comment box or at With reference to the James Webb Space Telescope, consider the following statements: 1. It was launched by NASA in 2021. 2. It orbits around the Earth like the Hubble Space Telescope. 3. Its goal is to search for the first galaxies or luminous objects formed after the Big Bang, How many of the statements given above are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Explanation — The wonders of space continue to excite scientists and space enthusiasts alike. A new finding made with NASA's James Webb Space Telescope has sparked new enthusiasm and intrigue within the scientific community. — In a new study, researchers at Kansas State University discovered an unexpected pattern in how galaxies spin. They investigated 263 old galaxies with photos from the James Webb Space Telescope, some of which were formed 300 million years after the Big Bang. They determined that almost 60% of these galaxies rotate clockwise, contradicting the widely accepted belief that galaxy spins were random. About James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) — The JWST is an orbiting infrared observatory that will supplement and expand the Hubble Space Telescope's findings by providing extended wavelength coverage and significantly increased sensitivity. — Webb investigates every stage of our Universe's history, from the first brilliant glows after the Big Bang to the emergence of solar systems capable of supporting life on planets such as Earth, and the evolution of our own Solar System. — NASA launched Webb on December 25th, 2021. Hence, statement 1 is correct. — It does not orbit the Earth like the Hubble Space Telescope; instead, it orbits the Sun 1.5 million kilometres (1 million miles) away at the second Lagrange point, often known as L2. Hence, statement 2 is not correct. Mission Goals — Early Universe: Look for the first galaxies or light objects that emerged after the Big Bang. Hence, statement 3 is correct. — Galaxies Over Time: Determine how galaxies evolved from their formation until now. — Star Lifecycle: Follow the development of stars from their earliest stages to the formation of planetary systems. — Other Worlds: Measure the physical and chemical attributes of planetary systems, including our own Solar System, and examine the potential for life elsewhere. Therefore, option (b) is the correct answer. (Other Source: The Short tandem repeat (STR) analysis is used in: (a) Cosmic rays (b) Sighting for astronomical objects (c) DNA identification (d) for checking flight safety Explanation — Authorities are using DNA analysis to identify the remains of passengers killed in the Ahmedabad crash of the Air India Boeing 787 Dreamliner. A small number of remains have already been recognised, and DNA samples from the victims' relatives have already been gathered. — Extracting DNA from the samples is the next step after collection. Scientists can then select from a variety of analytical techniques based on the quality of the DNA that was collected. — Short tandem repeat (STR) analysis: The method evaluates short tandem repeats, which are essentially short repeating sequences of DNA. STRs are used for DNA identification as they widely vary between individuals. 'After analysing 15 or more of these hyper-variable regions of DNA… the resulting profile can be used to ascertain family relationships with a high degree of confidence,' according to a report by the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). — Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis: This method is used when nuclear DNA is degraded or unavailable. Mitochondrial DNA is found within the cell's energy-producing organelles known as mitochondria. As mtDNA is present in multiple copies within the cell, it is easier to recover from human remains that are not well preserved. Therefore, option (c) is the correct answer. Which of the following organisations have launched the Flagship 'Atoms4Food' Initiative to Expand the Use of Nuclear Techniques for Global Food Security? 1. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) 2. Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research 3. Bhabha Atomic Research Centre 4. Food and Agriculture Organisation Select the correct answer using the codes given below: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 1 and 4 only (c) 3 and 4 only (d) 1, 3 and 4 Explanation — The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO) inaugurated 'Atoms4Food', a new flagship effort to assist increase food security and combat global hunger. — The Atoms4Food effort will help countries adopt innovative nuclear technology to increase agricultural output, reduce food losses, ensure food safety, improve nutrition, and adapt to the challenges of climate change. Therefore, option (b) is the correct answer. (Source: With reference to the Small Modular Reactors (SMRs), consider the following statements: 1. They are suitable only for on-grid and not for off-grid applications. 2. These are cost-effective alternatives to conventional large nuclear reactors. 3. India is extensively researching Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) to achieve net-zero emissions while maintaining energy security. How many of the statements given above are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Explanation — India is extensively researching Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) as a critical component of its energy transition strategy, with the goal of achieving net-zero emissions while maintaining energy security. Hence, statement 3 is correct. — SMRs are advanced nuclear reactors with power generation capacities ranging from less than 30 MWe to over 300 MWe. — It offers a versatile, scalable, and cost-effective alternative to traditional big nuclear reactors. Hence, statement 2 is correct. — Given India's rising energy demands and the need for dependable, low-carbon power, SMRs can play a game-changing role in supplementing renewable energy sources and stabilising the grid. — SMRs' modular design enables factory-based manufacture, lowering construction deadlines and costs, making them suitable for both on-grid and off-grid applications, including distant deployment. Hence, statement 1 is not correct. Therefore, option (b) is the correct answer. With reference to carbon dating, consider the following statements: 1. The dating method is based on the fact that Carbon-12 (C-12), an isotope of carbon, is radioactive and decays at a well known rate. 2. The age of non-living things more than 40,000-50,000 years old can be determined through carbon dating. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Explanation — Carbon dating is a frequently used method for determining the age of organic materials, which were previously alive. Carbon can exist in a variety of forms within living things. — The dating method is based on the fact that Carbon-14 (C-14), a radioactive isotope of carbon with an atomic mass of 14, decays at a predictable pace. Hence, statement 1 is not correct. — Plants acquire their carbon from photosynthesis, whereas animals obtain it primarily from food. Because plants and animals derive their carbon from the environment, they absorb C-12 and C-14 in nearly the same proportions as the atmosphere. — When they die, their interaction with the atmosphere ceases. While C-12 is stable, radioactive C-14 has a 'half-life' of approximately 5,730 years. — Carbon dating cannot be used in all cases. Carbon dating cannot be used to estimate the age of non-living items such as rocks, and it cannot determine the age of things older than 40,000–50,000 years. Hence, statement 2 is not correct. Therefore, option (d) is the correct answer. Daily Subject-wise quiz — History, Culture, and Social Issues (Week 114) Daily subject-wise quiz — Polity and Governance (Week 115) Daily subject-wise quiz — Science and Technology (Week 114) Daily subject-wise quiz — Economy (Week 114) Daily subject-wise quiz — Environment and Geography (Week 114) Daily subject-wise quiz – International Relations (Week 114) Subscribe to our UPSC newsletter and stay updated with the news cues from the past week. Stay updated with the latest UPSC articles by joining our Telegram channel – IndianExpress UPSC Hub, and follow us on Instagram and X.
Indian Express
3 days ago
- Politics
- Indian Express
Mains answer practice — GS 2: Questions on G7 and conducting Census 2027 digitally (Week 107)
UPSC Essentials brings to you its initiative for the practice of Mains answer writing. It covers essential topics of static and dynamic parts of the UPSC Civil Services syllabus covered under various GS papers. This answer-writing practice is designed to help you as a value addition to your UPSC CSE Mains. Attempt today's answer writing on questions related to topics of GS-2 to check your progress. 🚨 Click Here to read the UPSC Essentials magazine for May 2025. Share your views and suggestions in the comment box or at Discuss the benefits and drawbacks of conducting Census 2027 utilising a fully digital enumeration method. What is the G7? What are its key developments? Discuss the strategic significance of inviting India to the 2025 Canada summit. Introduction — The introduction of the answer is essential and should be restricted to 3-5 lines. Remember, a one-liner is not a standard introduction. — It may consist of basic information by giving some definitions from the trusted source and authentic facts. Body — It is the central part of the answer and one should understand the demand of the question to provide rich content. — The answer must be preferably written as a mix of points and short paragraphs rather than using long paragraphs or just points. — Using facts from authentic government sources makes your answer more comprehensive. Analysis is important based on the demand of the question, but do not over analyse. — Underlining keywords gives you an edge over other candidates and enhances presentation of the answer. — Using flowcharts/tree-diagram in the answers saves much time and boosts your score. However, it should be used logically and only where it is required. Way forward/ conclusion — The ending of the answer should be on a positive note and it should have a forward-looking approach. However, if you feel that an important problem must be highlighted, you may add it in your conclusion. Try not to repeat any point from body or introduction. — You may use the findings of reports or surveys conducted at national and international levels, quotes etc. in your answers. Self Evaluation — It is the most important part of our Mains answer writing practice. UPSC Essentials will provide some guiding points or ideas as a thought process that will help you to evaluate your answers. QUESTION 1: Discuss the benefits and drawbacks of conducting Census 2027 utilising a fully digital enumeration method. Note: This is not a model answer. It only provides you with thought process which you may incorporate into the answers. Introduction: — The government has declared that the 16th Census of India will be held in two stages, with reference dates set for March 1, 2027 for most of the country and October 1, 2026 for snow-bound and inaccessible regions such as Ladakh, Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttarakhand. — This census marks a significant milestone because it will feature the first nationwide caste enumeration since 1931. Body: You may incorporate some of the following points in your answer: The Census serves multiple critical functions: — It serves as the foundation for the creation of electoral constituencies and the allocation of seats to Scheduled Castes and Tribes. — Central grants to states and districts are frequently population-based, as are subsidies and ration allocations. — Census data is used by ministries ranging from Education to Rural Development to locate schools, basic health care facilities, and infrastructure projects. — It aids the judiciary, planners, and scholars in understanding migration, urbanisation, employment, and fertility patterns. — The Census is also necessary for the execution of constitutional obligations. According to Article 82 of the Constitution, constituencies must be delimited using the most recent Census. Articles 330 and 332 reserve legislative seats for SCs and STs depending on population proportions. How is the 2027 Census proposed to be conducted? — The 2027 Census will be India's first digital census, featuring mobile apps, online self-enumeration, and near-real-time monitoring. It's also the first time since 1931 that caste data would be collected for all communities. — In a notable departure from 2011, the 2027 Census will include self-enumeration for the first time, allowing households to go into a government portal or use an app to fill out their own information. Once self-enumeration is completed, the system generates a unique ID. Individuals who self-enumerated will only need to provide this ID when the Census enumerator comes to their home. — Enumerators would also use mobile devices or smartphones preinstalled with the Census application. While a dual system with paper enumeration is planned, sources say it is predicted that all enumerators will utilise the digital media because cellphones are now ubiquitous and the pay for a digital census is higher. This digitisation is supposed to eliminate errors, speed up processing, and allow for better quality control. Conclusion: — Digital literacy among enumerators is a serious issue. To address this, comprehensive training modules, simulations, and region-specific language interfaces have been developed. The software features intuitive prompts, drop-down options, and offline sync. — Quality control consists of managers evaluating flagged forms and Census officers conducting periodic checks. Errors such as unrealistic age ranges or duplicate entries may be detected and corrected before submission. (Source: Explained: How India conducts its Census — and what is new in 2027) Points to Ponder Read more about Census How digital challenges will be addressed in Census 2027? Related Previous Year Questions What changes has the Union Government recently introduced in the domain of Centre-State relations? Suggest measures to be adopted to build the trust between the Centre and the States and for strengthening federalism. (2024) QUESTION 2: What is the G7? What are its key developments? Discuss the strategic significance of inviting India to the 2025 Canada summit. Note: This is not a model answer. It only provides you with thought process which you may incorporate into the answers. Introduction: — The Group was established as a platform for economic and financial cooperation in response to the 1973 energy crisis. The first Summit of Heads of State and Government was held in 1975 in Rambouillet, France. — The G7 meeting provides a forum for member countries to address their common values and concerns. While the G7's initial focus was on international economic policy, in the 1980s it expanded its mandate to encompass foreign policy and security matters. — Canada is chairing this year's G7 Summit, which will be attended by the leaders of France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Carney has also invited the presidents of non-member countries India, Australia, Brazil, Mexico, South Africa, South Korea, and Ukraine, as well as the head of NATO. Body: You may incorporate some of the following points in your answer: Key developments — In 1997, the G7 countries agreed to contribute $300 million to efforts to mitigate the effects of the Chernobyl reactor catastrophe. — At the 2002 summit, participants agreed to undertake a coordinated response to combat the threat of AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria. Their efforts resulted in the creation of the Global Fund, an innovative finance vehicle that has disbursed over $45 billion in relief. — The Global Apollo Program was inaugurated during the 2015 G7 conference. The Apollo Program, designed to combat climate change through renewable energy research and development, was established by the United Kingdom but did not gain traction until the other G7 countries decided to finance it. Significance of inviting India to the 2025 Canada summit — India's invitation represents a growing global consensus in a divided international order and goes beyond a mere symbolic gesture. — India's foreign policy approach, which is multi-alignment in principle and strategic autonomy in practice, has become more significant. — India's economy is growing and it has surpassed the UK to become the fifth largest economy, with a GDP of almost $3.7 trillion in 2024. — Canada's invitation to India recognises that without support from nations that reflect the goals of the Global South. Conclusion: — Due to its exclusion of China and India, two of the biggest economies in the world, the G7 has come under fire for being out of date and ineffectual in recent decades. Though others argue against it, citing India's significantly lower GDP per capita in comparison to other states, several think tanks have urged for India to join the organisation. (Source: 5 things to look out for in this year's G7 Summit in Canada, What is the G7?) Points to Ponder Read more about G7 What are the key agendas for 2025 Summit Related Previous Year Questions 'Virus of Conflict is affecting the functioning of the SCO' In the light of the above statement, point out the role of India in mitigating the problems. (2023) 'The expansion and strengthening of NATO and a stronger US-Europe strategic partnership works well for India.' What is your opinion about this statement ? Give reasons and examples to support your answer. (2023) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 3 (Week 106) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 3 (Week 107) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 2 (Week 106) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 2 (Week 105) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 1 (Week 106) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 1 (Week 105) Subscribe to our UPSC newsletter and stay updated with the news cues from the past week. Stay updated with the latest UPSC articles by joining our Telegram channel – IndianExpress UPSC Hub, and follow us on Instagram and X.
