[김대균의 영어산책] 최근 토익에 출제된 onto와 on을 구분하자! 헷갈리기 쉬운 전치사 총정리

다음 문장은 최근 토익 시험에서 출제된 문제를 바탕으로 재구성해서 만들어 본 문제이다. 저작권에 걸리지 않는 문제로 기억을 통해 비슷하게 만들어봤다.
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(A) onto ✅(B) on (C) beyond (D) against
▶ 로그인하면 문서를 열람하고 자신의 개인 컴퓨터로 전송할 수 있습니다.
▶ Key Point: 문맥에 맞는 전치사 선택!
'컴퓨터로 전송하다'는 동작을 설명하는 문장이므로, 정적인 위치를 나타내는 on보다는 이동을 강조하는 onto가 적절하다. 'on'은 단순한 위치를 나타내는 반면, 'onto'는 '어디 어디 위로' 이동해 가는 방향성을 포함한다. 이런 차이를 토익은 정답을 결정하는 기준으로 삼습니다.
❌ (B) on: ~위에 → 동작의 의미가 없어서 부적절
❌ (C) beyond: ~을 넘어서 → 컴퓨터 범위를 넘어선다는 의미로 부적절
❌ (D) against: ~에 반대하여 → 의미상 부적절
정답: (A) onto
이 문제는 '컴퓨터로 파일을 전송하다'라는 맥락에서, 방향성과 이동이 강조되는 전치사를 묻는 문제였다. 정적인 상태가 아닌 움직임을 포함하는 표현이기 때문에 'onto'가 정답으로 적절하다. 'on'은 위치를 나타낼 때 쓰이며, onto는 동작의 의미가 포함된다. 필자가 토익 500회 최다응시 만점강사인데 필자의 기억으로는 onto가 정답인 문제가 이번에 최초로 출제되었다.
이처럼 on과 onto, in과 into, below와 beneath, over와 above 는 한국 학습자들이 가장 자주 헷갈려 하는 전치사 쌍입니다. 아래에서 그 차이와 예문을 통해 확실하게 정리해 보자!
✅ on vs. onto
● on: ~위에 (정지된 상태, 접촉)
The book is on the table.
(책이 테이블 위에 있다 — 고정 상태)
There is a vase on the shelf.
(선반 위에 꽃병이 있다)
● onto: ~위로 (움직임 동반)
The cat jumped onto the table.
(고양이가 테이블 위로 뛰어올랐다)
He poured water onto the floor.
(그는 바닥 위로 물을 부었다)
▶ 요약: 정적인 위치는 on, 동작/이동은 onto
◎ 좀 더 긴 예문으로 연습해 보자!
The worker placed the toolbox on the bench and then lifted a heavy crate onto the truck.
(그 작업자는 벤치 위에 도구 상자를 놓고, 무거운 상자를 트럭 위로 들어 올렸다)
She carefully arranged the dishes on the table before sliding the centerpiece onto the linen cloth.
(그녀는 식기들을 테이블 위에 정성스럽게 배치한 후, 중앙 장식을 천 위로 밀어 넣었다)
✅ in vs. into
● in: ~안에 (정지 상태, 내부에 있음)
The keys are in my bag.
(열쇠가 가방 안에 있다)
There's water in the bottle.
(병 안에 물이 있다)
● into: ~안으로 (이동, 변화 강조)
He walked into the room.
(그는 방 안으로 걸어 들어갔다)
She poured milk into the cup.
(그녀는 컵 안으로 우유를 부었다)
▶ 요약: 정적인 내부 상태는 in, 동작이 수반되면 into
◎ 좀 더 긴 예문으로 연습해 보자!
After returning from school, Jenny put her books into her backpack, which was already in her closet.
(학교에서 돌아온 제니는 책을 자신의 가방 안으로 넣었고, 그 가방은 이미 옷장 안에 있었다)
The chef scooped the soup into the bowls, which were neatly arranged in a row on the counter.
(요리사는 수프를 그릇 안으로 떠 넣었고, 그릇들은 조리대 위에 정렬되어 있었다)
✅ below vs. beneath
● below: ~보다 아래에 (수직 거리, 비교 느낌 강함)
The temperature dropped below zero.
(기온이 0도 아래로 떨어졌다)
Her scores are below average.
(그녀의 점수는 평균 이하다)
● beneath: ~아래에 (물리적/추상적 위치, 문어적 느낌)
The valley lay beneath the mountains.
(계곡이 산 아래에 있었다)
He felt the job was beneath him.
(그는 그 일이 자기 수준 이하라고 느꼈다)
▶ 요약: below는 수직 거리 중심, beneath는 문학적/감정적 의미 포함
◎ 좀 더 긴 예문으로 연습해 보자!
The ancient city was buried beneath the desert sands, several meters below the current ground level.
(고대 도시는 현재 지표면보다 수 미터 아래, 사막 모래 아래에 묻혀 있었다)
His pride would not allow him to work at a position he believed was beneath his abilities, though the salary was well below industry standards.
(그는 그 일이 자신의 능력 이하라고 믿었기에 자존심상 그 일을 할 수 없었고, 그 급여는 업계 평균보다 훨씬 낮았다)
✅ over vs. above
● over: ~위에 (덮음, 수직 정렬, 이동 가능성 포함)
The painting hangs over the sofa.
(그 그림은 소파 위에 걸려 있다)
A helicopter flew over the city.
(헬리콥터가 도시 위로 날아갔다)
● above: ~보다 위에 (비교 느낌, 상대적인 위치 강조)
The clouds are above the mountains.
(구름이 산 위에 있다)
Her grades are above average.
(그녀의 성적은 평균 이상이다)
▶ 요약: over는 수직으로 덮거나 이동 포함, above는 상대적 위치 강조
◎ 좀 더 긴 예문으로 연습해 보자!
The bridge was built over the river, rising far above the surrounding forest.
(그 다리는 강 위에 지어졌으며, 주변 숲보다 훨씬 높은 곳에 솟아 있다)
The painting extended over the entire wall, while the lighting was installed just above eye level for optimal viewing.

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