Farming Fuels: Manufacturing jet fuel from agricultural crops

As governments around the world look to reduce emissions and a reliance on fossil fuels, could crops such as sugar and canola provide a renewable fuel source?

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News.com.au

2 days ago

• News.com.au

Warning signs on climate flashing bright red: top scientists

From carbon pollution to sea-level rise to global heating, the pace and level of key climate change indicators are all in uncharted territory, more than 60 top scientists warned Thursday. Greenhouse gas emissions from burning fossil fuels and deforestation hit a new high in 2024 and averaged, over the last decade, a record 53.6 billion tonnes per year -- that is 100,000 tonnes per minute -- of CO2 or its equivalent in other gases, they reported in a peer-reviewed update. Earth's surface temperature last year breached 1.5 degrees Celsius for the first time, and the additional CO2 humanity can emit with a two-thirds chance of staying under that threshold long-term -- our 1.5C "carbon budget" -- will be exhausted in a couple of years, they calculated. Investment in clean energy outpaced investment in oil, gas and coal last year two-to-one, but fossil fuels account for more than 80 percent of global energy consumption, and growth in renewables still lags behind new demand. Included in the 2015 Paris climate treaty as an aspirational goal, the 1.5C limit has since been validated by science as necessary for avoiding a catastrophically climate-addled world. The hard cap on warming to which nearly 200 nations agreed was "well below" two degrees, commonly interpreted to mean 1.7C to 1.8C. "We are already in crunch time for these higher levels of warming," co-author Joeri Rogelj, a professor of climate science and policy at Imperial College London, told journalists in a briefing. "The next three or four decades is pretty much the timeline over which we expect a peak in warming to happen." - 'The wrong direction' - No less alarming than record heat and carbon emissions is the gathering pace at which these and other climate indicators are shifting, according to the study, published in Earth System Science Data. Human-induced warming increased over the last decade at a rate "unprecedented in the instrumental record", and well above the 2010-2019 average registered in the UN's most recent Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report, in 2021. The new findings -- led by the same scientists using essentially the same methods -- are intended as an authoritative albeit unofficial update of the benchmark IPCC reports underpinning global climate diplomacy. They should be taken as a reality check by policymakers, the authors suggested. "I tend to be an optimistic person," said lead author Piers Forster, head of the University of Leed's Priestley Centre for Climate Futures. "But if you look at this year's update, things are all moving in the wrong direction." The rate at which sea levels have shot up in recent years is also alarming, the scientists said. After creeping up, on average, well under two millimetres per year from 1901 to 2018, global oceans have risen 4.3 mm annually since 2019. - What happens next? - An increase in the ocean watermark of 23 centimetres -- the width of a letter-sized sheet of paper -- over the last 125 years has been enough to imperil many small island states and hugely amplify the destructive power of storm surges worldwide. An additional 20 centimetres of sea level rise by 2050 would cause one trillion dollars in flood damage annually in the world's 136 largest coastal cities, earlier research has shown. Another indicator underlying all the changes in the climate system is Earth's so-called energy imbalance, the difference between the amount of solar energy entering the atmosphere and the smaller amount leaving it. So far, 91 percent of human-caused warming has been absorbed by oceans, sparing life on land. But the planet's energy imbalance has nearly doubled in the last 20 years, and scientists do not know how long oceans will continue to massively soak up this excess heat. Dire future climate impacts worse than what the world has already experienced are already baked in over the next decade or two. But beyond that, the future is in our hands, the scientists made clear. "We will rapidly reach a level of global warming of 1.5C, but what happens next depends on the choices which will be made," said co-author and former IPCC co-chair Valerie Masson-Delmotte. The Paris Agreement's 1.5C target allows for the possibility of ratcheting down global temperatures below that threshold before century's end. Ahead of a critical year-end climate summit in Brazil, international cooperation has been weakened by the US withdrawal from the Paris Agreement. President Donald Trump's dismantling of domestic climate policies means the United States is likely to fall short on its emissions reduction targets, and could sap the resolve of other countries to deepen their own pledges, experts say.

ABC News

5 days ago

• ABC News

Australian scientists aiming to grow plants on the moon prepare for launch of Lunaria One

An Australian team attempting to grow plants on the moon is finalising a prototype designed to carry an assortment of plants and seeds to the lunar surface. If the plants and seeds survive the journey, the team is hoping they will be able to thrive on the moon's surface. The project, which is being headed by Australian company Lunaria One, will hitch a ride on the exterior of a lander built by USA-based Intuitive Machines, and is currently scheduled to launch in March or April 2026. The goal of the mission is to discover how plants and seeds respond to the low-levels of gravity on the moon. Mission lead Lauren Fell said the project was intended to be the first step down a path that would eventually allow humans to have a sustainable presence on the moon. To achieve this goal, Lunaria One, along with partners from industry and universities, has developed a bio-module capable of keeping the plants warm and hydrated, while keeping the harsh vacuum environment of space out. Under current time frames, Lunaria One's bio-module and plants have to be ready for installation on the lunar lander that will carry them to the surface of the moon by the end of the year. A prototype built at RMIT University in Melbourne is being tested to make sure it can handle the high vibration and temperatures it will be subjected to during launch, as well as the potential radiation and temperature extremes it can experience in space. At the Centre for Accelerator Science nuclear lab in Lucas Heights near Sydney, another team is investigating which plant species to send into space. In a small plastic box, seeds and plants were bombarded with radiation equivalent to four days, eight days and five years on the lunar surface. "We are testing to see where those boundaries are," Ms Fell said. "Life is very resilient, and we have chosen species on purpose that have a lot of resilience – lichens for example have been shown to survive outside the International Space Station." The mission, named the Australian Lunar Experiment Promoting Horticulture, or ALEPH, is backed by a $3.6 million grant from the Australian Space Agency's Moon to Mars Demonstrator Mission Grants, with contributions from industry. It is hoped the mission will help incubate a domestic space industry, with the team developing as much of the equipment onshore as possible. One headache for scientists trying to get the plants to survive the trip to the moon is the weight limit. The entire project can only weigh 500 grams. Within that limit they must accommodate the pressurised bio-module, internal heating system, electronics, sensors, lighting, water, the plants themselves, and a space-rated camera that will watch for growth. Professor Caitlin Byrt, a biologist consultant on the team, was blunt about the plants' survival chances. There would be many things that could kill them on the journey, she said, including massive shaking at take-off, solar radiation, temperatures hundreds of degrees above boiling and below freezing, risk of module breach and water venting into space. "I think it's going to be a huge challenge to have something that's still kicking with life by the time it gets to the moon." A lunar day lasts about two weeks, and after touching down in the lunar dawn, the plants have about 72 hours to live before the environment simply becomes too hot. "After that it's show over," Professor Byrt said. "A little sprout growing — that's what I dream of, that's what I'd love to see." The mission was not an idle curiosity, Professor Byrt said, and may have applications back on Earth. Just as tech developed for the International Space Station led to better water recycling here, she said ALEPH could teach people how to grow food in inhospitable locations or after disasters. "Imagine if you could deliver systems that are super well optimised despite challenging conditions, that communities can use to be growing plants and supplying their own food," she said. Studies of microbes on the International Space Station showed new "alien" varieties had developed, and Dr Byrt said it was "probably inevitable" efforts to grow plants on the moon would create unique organisms, as nature found a way to balance a new closed ecosystem. ALEPH is hoped to be the first in a series of planned missions, all working towards human habitation on the moon, with subsequent missions to go for longer durations and carry more biomaterial. Intuitive Machines's chief technology officer Dr Tim Crain said what happened to plants at lunar gravity was almost completely unknown. "We've done a lot of experiments on the International Space Station for micro gravity, to see how living things respond to zero [gravity]. But this is an opportunity to see one-sixth gravity — does it inhibit growth, does it promote growth?" Dr Crain said. "It's a human story of exploration and we are proud that Australia is a part of that." ALEPH will be carried on Intuitive Machines's third lunar lander, and Dr Crain said the team needed three months to integrate the bio-module and install the lander on a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket. As well as growing a domestic space industry, there were plans to use ALEPH to teach kids science at home. Lunaria One has partnered with science education company Stile Education to develop kits that could be sent to schools, allowing students to see whether different plants would grow in similar conditions to the moon. "It's curriculum-aligned so teachers will be able to know it works into the curriculum," Ms Fell said. "We want to make an Australia-wide connection to the project."

ABC News

6 days ago

• ABC News

Farming Fuels: Manufacturing jet fuel from agricultural crops

As governments around the world look to reduce emissions and a reliance on fossil fuels, could crops such as sugar and canola provide a renewable fuel source?