South Africa's Black Empowerment Laws and the Long Shadow of Apartheid

During the eras of colonialism and apartheid, Black South Africans were subjugated, denied a decent education, and excluded from the mainstream economy. Severe racial disparities endure to this day, more than three decades after the end of White-minority rule. South Africa ranks as one of the world's most unequal countries, according to analysis by the World Inequality Lab.
The government has introduced a series of policies to try to narrow the wealth gap. While these Black-economic-empowerment measures have helped diversify corporate ownership and grow a Black middle class, critics say a small, politically connected elite have been the primary beneficiaries.

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Yahoo

2 hours ago

• Yahoo

Caught in the crossfire - the victims of Cape Town's gang warfare

The distraught father lies on the narrow, single bed and points to two small bullet holes in the wall of his house. This is stark evidence of a moment that shattered his family's life forever. Devon Africa's four-year-old son Davin was shot dead in February, caught in the crossfire of a shoot-out between criminals. He was a victim of the gang warfare that has plagued the Cape Flats, the townships around Cape Town - a legacy of apartheid, when the non-white population was forcibly moved from the centre of the wealthy city to the under-resourced outskirts. "This is the bullet hole here," he says. "This is where he slept." The family had already endured unspeakable horror. Davin's older sister, Kelly Amber, was killed two years earlier, also shot as rivals fired at each other. She was 12. Now Devon and his wife, Undean, have only their youngest daughter left. "She asks me: 'Where's my brother?'" says Undean. "So I told her he's with Jesus in daddy's heart and in my heart." These murders took place in an area known as Wesbank, but many other families across the wider Cape Flats area have had to endure similar nightmares, despite assurances by the police of increased patrols. The numbers tell a horrifying story. The Western Cape province - in which the Cape Flats sit - consistently sees the overwhelming majority of gang-related murders in South Africa, according to the police. Officially, this is a policing priority for the government. President Cyril Ramaphosa set up a special unit to combat gang violence in 2018, he also briefly deployed the army to the area the following year, but the problem has persisted, and the killings have continued. "There's a whole history and generations of people who have been born into these gangs," says Gareth Newham, head of the Justice and Violence Prevention programme at the Institute for Security Studies in Johannesburg. "[They] flourish in areas that have largely been neglected or underdeveloped by the state. The gangs provide a form of social structure that actually provides services to the communities that the state doesn't. They provide food for homes. Money for electricity. Money for transport or funerals. These gangs even pay school fees." They are embedded in the community and "that's why it's so difficult for the police to tackle them… it means that they can use non-gang members' houses to store drugs and store weapons". But there are people trying to tackle the issue. Fifteen kilometres (nine miles) away from Wesbank is Hanover Park where Pastor Craven Engel is glued to his mobile phone almost all day, every day in his quest for peace. His mission is to mediate in gang conflicts to stop this violence and the killings, fuelled by the lucrative trade in drugs. He and his team try to follow a basic formula: detection, interruption and changing mindsets. "Hanover Park doesn't really have an economy to speak of," says Pastor Engel. "The bulk of the economy comes out of the drug culture. That's the biggest economy." Pastor Engel says that apartheid's impact on the area can't be overlooked but neither can generational trauma - manifested as drug addiction and then family breakdown. "The substance [drug] creates unemployment, the substance creates robbery, it creates gang fights because of turfs. So, the substance sits in the middle of so many of the atrocities within the community," says Pastor Engel, who estimates that around 70% of local children are living with some kind of addiction. This community of around 50,000 people has to endure shootings and stabbings almost daily. And it's often young people who are doing the killing and being killed. "The policing approach alone is unlikely to solve the problem because you might arrest people for being gang members, for having guns and for shootings and murders. They will go to prison, but then they get replaced by younger members. And that creates a whole different set of problems. They're more likely to get into fights over territory and turf," says Mr Newham. "How does a kid get shot seven times in his head or three times in his back? How does a stray bullet hit a kid?" asks Pastor Engel. Cape Town safety fears force parents to seek former white-only schools On his phone, he calls up community leaders and gang kingpins, constantly cajoling to try and head off the violence. When BBC Africa Eye visits him he is trying to broker a ceasefire between two warring gangs - and manages to reach the jailed leader of one of them. "If I want something to happen then it still happens. Do you understand pastor?" the gang boss shouts down the line. "But I can tell you one thing. I'm a guy that likes to counter if I come under fire." Threats. Even from behind bars. But Pastor Engel is relentless. He is highly visible in his community, whether in the home of a parishioner or before his large and loud congregation in the pulpit on a Sunday. "I think that what makes it very, very terrible now is there are more children involved in the gangs, because gangs are recruiting between the ages of eight and 15 years old," he says. The programme he runs used to get government money, but that has dried up. To cut off the supply lines and protect the innocent, he will meet victims and perpetrators anywhere and at any time. He also sends rehabilitated gang members to negotiate directly with warring factions. Those who lived a life on the edge of death know how critical it is to push for peace instead. Glenn Hans is one such person. He is meeting rival gangs to convince them to honour a ceasefire. "I was also in this game. As long as you make a decision that you want to be a better person. That's all," he tells a group of gang members. One has a chilling response: "The more we kill, the more ground we seize and the more ground we have, the more we can build. So, for me to speak about peace - I cannot make that decision because it's not my decision to ensure peace." The ceasefire that is eventually agreed lasts just a few days, shattered by the killing of two people in a drive-by shooting. But some in the thick of the conflict have had enough. Fernando - or Nando - Johnston is in a gang called the Mongrels, and he wants to try and find a way out with the help of Pastor Engel. The pastor describes Mr Johnston as being young and "born into the gang" since his whole family was involved. "In this game there are only two options - it is either you go to jail or you die, " says Mr Johnston. "I really do want to change direction and I believe there is always a way. That is the reason I approached the pastor - to ask him if there is a plan or way to take me." He will join a six- to 12-week programme of rehabilitation run by the pastor and funded by charitable donations designed to get people off drugs and into work. "The thing is you can now start building yourself up again," Pastor Engel tells him. "You'll be able to get yourself a job and make money for yourself. Then you won't have to hustle and scavenge around here any more." "I'm ready to go, pastor," says Mr Johnston, poised to leave his battered and scarred community in search of a new path. Those closest to him have gathered to wish him well. His mother, Angeline April, holds back the tears, desperate that, this time, her son will choose life. "Please just make the best of this opportunity, Nando," she says. "Yes mummy, I always make the best of a situation." But that has never been easy. "Fernando's dad was a gangster but my other children's father was a gentleman," says Mr Johnston's mother. "But because he was a gangster, the children also got involved in gangsterism despite me constantly warning them. It wasn't easy raising four boys on my own, you know. I'm always encouraging him to make a change, because I love him very much." And so far so good for Mr Johnston. Two weeks on from starting the programme, he is still there. "Nando is stabilising. He's in a works programme. He's busy seeing his family, seeing his kids. He did a house visit yesterday. We let him loose and he came back and tested clear with no drugs in his system," says Pastor Engel. Hope is a rare commodity here, but it does sometimes spring through the cracks in the streets that have seen so much trauma. Not all streets, though. Very little hope is found at Devon Africa and Undean Koopman's house, which sits in the middle of a battlefield. The cycle of killings and retaliation that hit the areas being fought over on the very edges of this beautiful South African city is overwhelming for many of those just struggling to survive. And those caught in the middle often have to make impossible choices. "Community members, even if they are opposed to the gangs, are not necessarily pro-police for two reasons," says Mr Newham. "One is that they just don't know the police will actually come if called. And if they do call the police, they have no idea if the police officers are corrupt. People don't understand the scale of the challenge in South Africa." Sentiments reflected by the peacemakers on the frontlines in this war. "Nobody is going to come from anywhere to help or save us. Not from overseas. Not from our local government. No-one is going to come with a magic wand to cure the Cape Flats," says Pastor Engel. "As individuals we need to be so determined to build up resilience, create hope for our people and to grow. Because politics has clearly failed us." 'Nowhere is safe' - Cameroonians trapped between separatists and soldiers BBC identifies security forces who shot Kenya anti-tax protesters Sudan's years of war - BBC smuggles in phones to reveal hunger and fear Secret filming reveals brazen tactics of UK immigration scammers 'Terrible things happened' - inside TB Joshua's church of horrors Go to for more news from the African continent. Follow us on Twitter @BBCAfrica, on Facebook at BBC Africa or on Instagram at bbcafrica Focus on Africa This Is Africa

News24

7 hours ago

• News24

Lungu saga: Zambia's Hichilema maintains ex-president should be buried in his homeland

The Zambian government's dispute with former president Edgar Lungu's family over his state funeral led to his remains staying in South Africa after his death earlier this month. Last week, Zambian President Hakainde Hichilema apologised to President Cyril Ramaphosa and the government for the inconvenience. On Sunday, Hichilema reiterated his stance that Lungu should be buried in his homeland. The Zambian government has confirmed that Minister of International Relations and Cooperation Ronald Lamola met with President Hakainde Hichilema to discuss the impasse over the repatriation of former president Edgar Lungu's remains. On Sunday, Hichilema took to his Facebook page to share that Lamola paid him a courtesy call where he again expressed his condolences to the Zambian nation following Lungu's death while receiving treatment in Pretoria. Lungu died at the age of 68 on 5 June. Hichilema said, 'We held a meaningful and respectful discussion regarding the burial of the late president, during which we reaffirmed our firm position that His Excellency Mr Lungu should be laid to rest in his homeland, the Republic of Zambia. 'We extend our sincere gratitude to the president of South Africa for the care extended to our late president during his period of illness. We also express our apologies to the South African National Defence Force (SANDF) for the unexpected challenges surrounding the repatriation of the late president's remains on Wednesday, 18 June 2025.' Last week Wednesday, the South African government found itself in a predicament when it was set to hand over Lungu's remains to the Zambian government but the family decided not to release his remains at the last minute. News24 reported that the delay stemmed from an impasse between Lungu's family and the Zambian government over preparations for the late president's state funeral. Lungu's remains were initially scheduled to be handed over to the Zambian government during a formal ceremony at Lanseria International Airport on Wednesday. However, the event did not proceed as planned. The red carpet was rolled out, and the SANDF generals were ready to give Lungu a presidential send-off. Instead, the family released a statement citing its displeasure with how the government had managed the arrangements for the state funeral. The family accused the Zambian government of making key decisions, including that Hichilema was going to receive Lungu's remains, without consulting them. During his Thursday address to the nation, Hichilema apologised to President Cyril Ramaphosa and his government for the inconvenience caused. He also announced the abrupt ending of the mourning period, which was set to end on 23 June. In response to Hichilema's address, the family said they would bury Lungu in a private ceremony in South Africa. A breakdown in the relationship between Lungu and Hichilema was at the heart of the dispute. Relations between the two had soured to such an extent that while he was alive, an ailing Lungu apparently indicated that he did not want Hichilema to receive his remains in Zambia. After Lungu announced that he would contest Hichilema in the 2026 elections, the latter stripped him of his presidential privileges, including access to healthcare. South Africa intervened and allowed Lungu to receive treatment.

Yahoo

10 hours ago

• Yahoo

South African engineers freed after two years in Equatorial Guinea jail

Two South African engineers have returned home after spending more than two years in jail in Equatorial Guinea on what the UN has called "arbitrary and illegal" drugs charges. Frik Potgieter and Peter Huxham, both in their mid-50s, were arrested in February 2023 after drugs were allegedly found in their luggage. They were sentenced to 12 years in prison and fined $5m (£4m) but have been given a presidential pardon after a long campaign by their families and the South African government. Their arrest came days after luxury assets belonging to Equatorial Guinea's Vice-President Teodoro Nguema Obiang were seized in South Africa. A yacht and two Cape Town villas belonging to Obiang, who is also the son of Equatorial Guinea's president, were impounded in execution of a court ruling. "We are overwhelmed with relief and joy. The last two years and four months have been unimaginably painful for both of our families," according to a statement released by the two men's families. They were working for the Dutch oil and gas company SBM in Equatorial Guinea when they arrested the night before they were due to return home after a five-week stint in the country. The families had called for the assistance of the South African government as well as that of the UK government, as Mr Huxham has dual nationality. "South Africa expresses its sincere gratitude to the Government of Equatorial Guinea for considering and ultimately granting this Presidential pardon, allowing Mr Huxham and Mr Potgieter to return home to their loved ones," said a post on X by South African Foreign Minister Ronald Lamola. The United Nations Working Group on Arbitrary Detention last year called for the pair's release, saying their detention was unlawful. Their families say the pair were arrested in retaliation for the seizure of the assets belonging to Equatorial Guinea's vice-president. The BBC has contacted Equatorial Guinea for comment. A South African official told the BBC it was for the courts to decide the fate of the yacht and villas, and the government couldn't intervene. Equatorial Guinea VP's superyacht and homes seized in South Africa The president's son who loves Bugattis and Michael Jackson World's longest-serving president to continue 43-year-rule Go to for more news from the African continent. Follow us on Twitter @BBCAfrica, on Facebook at BBC Africa or on Instagram at bbcafrica Focus on Africa