Escalate to de-escalate? What options does Iran have to end Israel war?
Iran has no clear off-ramps to end its war with Israel, which could soon drag in the United States and lead to a new quagmire in the Middle East, analysts told Al Jazeera.
Since June 13, Israel has killed at least 240 Iranians, many of them civilians. Top Iranian military leaders and nuclear scientists have been among the dead.
Israel has struck Iran's state television station, hit a hospital, targeted apartment blocks, and damaged the country's air defences.
In response, Iran has fired barrages of ballistic missiles at Israel, targeting military and security installations, and hitting the Haifa oil refinery, residential buildings, and a hospital. At least 24 people have been killed in Israel as a result of the attacks.
Israel aims to destroy Iran's nuclear programme and potentially go as far as bringing about regime change, analysts say.
These goals make it difficult for Iran to navigate a quick end to the conflict. Iran's official position is that it will not negotiate while under attack, fearing it will be forced to fully surrender to US and Israeli terms.
Iran may instead have to hope that US President Donald Trump can be persuaded to rein in Israel, which may be in his interest to avoid getting entangled in a far-away war, even if the US leader has recently appeared to favour striking Iran, and has reiterated that Iran cannot be allowed to have a nuclear weapon.
'If the United States recognises the urgency of de-escalation and manages to persuade Israel to halt its military campaign, then – given the mounting costs of war for Iran and the fact that Iran's primary goal is to stop, not expand, the conflict – it is highly likely that Iran would agree to a ceasefire or political resolution,' said Hamidreza Aziz, an expert on Iran for the Middle East Council for Global Affairs think tank.In theory, Iran could return to the negotiating table and sign a deal while under fire.
However, Iran would be forced to entirely give up its nuclear programme, enabling its enemies to then aggressively pursue regime change without fear of consequence, analysts previously told Al Jazeera.
This is an unlikely scenario, according to Reza H Akbari, an analyst on Iran and the Middle East, North Africa and South Asia Program Manager at the Institute for War and Peace Reporting.
'[Iran's nuclear] program continues to remain a leverage for Iran, which enables them to even engage with the US. Giving it up would be a shocking development which I don't foresee for the time being,' he told Al Jazeera.
The US and Iran had already engaged in five rounds of negotiations before Israel instigated the conflict.
The two sides had reached an impasse when Trump demanded that Iran give up its entire nuclear programme, which every country has an 'inalienable right' to use for peaceful purposes, according to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, which Iran is a signatory to.
Trump has since warned Iran to quickly surrender to a deal or face even more dire repercussions, hinting at regime change.
Iran has few good options, said Negar Mortazavi, an expert on Iran with the Center for International Policy (CIP).
She believes Iran has little to lose by retaliating against Israel, but also notes that the strategy would not necessarily give Tehran a way out of the conflict.
'If Iran does not retaliate after each attack, [Iranian officials] think [the Israeli attacks] will get harder and I think they're correct,' Mortazavi told Al Jazeera. 'But every time [Iran] retaliates, they give Israel the excuse to attack them again.'Over the last year, Iran's regional influence has suffered major setbacks, leaving it geopolitically vulnerable.
Iran had long relied on its ally, the Lebanese armed group Hezbollah, to provide deterrence from direct Israeli attacks, but Hezbollah was significantly weakened after fighting an all-out war against Israel last year.
In addition, Iran lost another ally when Syria's former President Bashar al-Assad was toppled in December 2024.
Iran could still direct attacks against US bases and personnel through a web of Iranian-backed armed groups in the region, particularly in Iraq, said Barbara Slavin, an expert on Iran and a distinguished fellow at the Stimson Centre think tank.
She believes Iranian-backed groups in Iraq could fire 'warning shots' to try and exploit US public opinion.
Trump's nationalist 'America First' base remains staunchly opposed to any US involvement in wars abroad, which they view as unrelated to their domestic concerns.
And anti-interventionist sentiments are likely to increase if US troops are put in harm's way as a result of any attacks related to the conflict with Iran.
'The thought of Americans dying in this would make it even more controversial for [the US] than it already is,' Slavin told Al Jazeera.
Iran could also make Americans feel the impact of the war economically. It has threatened to attack commercial ships in the Strait of Hormuz, which would affect global trade and increase oil prices. But Slavin said this move would badly hurt Iran's economy, too.
Slavin added that Iran also relies on commercial shipping in the Strait of Hormuz, which lies between Iran and Oman and is one of the most important shipping routes in the world, to export oil. Instead, Slavin said that Iran's best option was to contain the war with Israel and wait out the conflict, arguing that any manoeuvre to escalate against US personnel, even as a warning, is a risky gambit.
Trump's administration, which includes many war hawks, has explicitly warned Iran against targeting its assets or soldiers.
Iran is also wary of giving the US any easy pretext to directly enter the war on behalf of Israel, Akbari said.
'Iran's leadership knows that drawing the US further into the war could be catastrophic for both the regime and in terms of industrial damage. [It would risk destroying] everything Iran has built over the last 40-plus years,' Akbari said.Iran's formal position is to inflict significant political, military and material cost on Israel for instigating the war.
This position was echoed by Hassan Ahmadian, an assistant professor at Tehran University, who suggested Israel's Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu may stop the war if Israelis feel the impact of a crisis he instigated.
'Iranians are quite confident that they can inflict enough retaliatory pain to make Israel stop [its attacks],' Ahmadian told Al Jazeera.
It is unclear how much damage Iran is doing to Israel's military infrastructure since the latter bars the media from reporting such information.
Furthermore, it's hard to assess how long Iran can sustain a war against Israel.
But Israel itself may struggle to attack for a protracted period without the US, said Slavin.
She referenced media reports that Israel is running low on defensive interceptors, which could make it more vulnerable to long-range strikes by Iran.
The challenges facing both foes could prompt them to end the fighting sooner rather than later – at least that appears to be what Iran is betting on.
'Right now, Iran is trying to hunker down and somehow get through this,' Slavin said.
'No outside power will save Iran. It's up to them [to save themselves],' she told Al Jazeera.
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