Latest news with #gravity
Irish Times
a day ago
- Science
- Irish Times
Embracing infinity: could surreal numbers shape the future of physics?
Imagine Earth were to shrink to the size of a marble. We might be in trouble, but the planet would continue its smooth course around the sun while the moon would maintain its orbit, circling Earth once a month. Isaac Newton proved Earth's gravitational pull would be the same even if all the mass were concentrated in a single point. But the density at that point would be infinite, a condition physicists and mathematicians call a singularity. Such singularities are found in black holes, stars that have collapsed under their own weight. According to general relativity, mass concentrations curve space-time, inducing the force of gravity. With enough matter in a small enough volume, gravity becomes infinitely strong. In 1916, just months after Albert Einstein's general relativity appeared, Karl Schwarzschild discovered a solution of the equations with a singularity. Decades later, this idea led to the theory of black holes, crushed stars with spherical boundaries that trap anything falling inside, including light rays. READ MORE There is now abundant evidence that black holes exist, but do they really represent space-time singularities? Most physicists believe the singularities are mathematical artefacts, and would vanish in a more fundamental theory incorporating quantum effects. Physical equations enable us to predict the future, but singularities imply a lack of predictability; theory just breaks down. It was hoped that quantum effects would eliminate infinities, but current versions of quantum gravity are plagued with singularities. It seems that infinite quantities are inherent and unavoidable. [ Beyond the big bang: Irishman's universal evolution theory challenges accepted cosmology Opens in new window ] German physicist Hermann Weyl opened his essay, Levels of Infinity, with the statement 'mathematics is the science of the infinite'. Infinity is at the core of mathematics. We can gain a first impression of it by placing all the counting numbers, 1, 2, 3 ... in a row stretching towards the right without end. Including the negative integers extends the row to the left. But there are gaps in the row, crying out to be filled. We can insert an infinity of fractions between any two whole numbers but, while the gaps become ever-smaller, their number grows without limit: they never go away. Towards the end of the 19th century, two mathematicians, Richard Dedekind and Georg Cantor, found ways to define quantities known as real numbers, filling all the gaps and producing a mathematical continuum. But this may or may not correspond to the points on a physical line; we have no way of knowing whether we have too few or too many numbers for these points. Cantor proved many startling results. There is not just one infinity, but an entire hierarchy of transfinite quantities, increasing without limit. Around 1970, John Conway discovered an entirely new way of defining numbers, which includes all the familiar numbers, all Cantor's transfinite numbers and a breathlessly vast universe of new numbers, both infinitely large and infinitesimally small. These are the surreal numbers. [ Likely site of new 'gas giant' planet found by research team led by Galway scientists Opens in new window ] So far, the surreal numbers have not been used in physical theories. But this is typical; new mathematical developments often find applications only years or decades after their discovery. Given that fundamental physical theories involve singularities, and infinite quantities are natural elements of the surreal numbers, these exotic numbers may prove valuable in future theories of quantum gravity. Perhaps physicists should embrace infinity rather than trying to banish it from their theories. Peter Lynch is emeritus professor at the School of Mathematics & Statistics, University College Dublin. He blogs at
Sustainability Times
11-06-2025
- Science
- Sustainability Times
'Einstein Would Lose His Mind': Scientists Uncover Ultimate Power Limit That Could Finally Fuse Relativity with Quantum Mechanics
IN A NUTSHELL 🔬 Researchers propose that dividing spacetime into tiny, discrete units could link general relativity and quantum mechanics . into tiny, discrete units could link and . 💡 New study suggests that gravity , a macroscopic force, might be explained using quantum theory in extreme conditions like black holes. , a macroscopic force, might be explained using in extreme conditions like black holes. 🔗 The concept of Planck power introduces an upper limit to energy release, challenging the notion of infinite energy levels. introduces an upper limit to energy release, challenging the notion of infinite energy levels. 🌌 This research could revolutionize our understanding of the universe, offering new insights and technological advancements. In recent years, the quest to unify the fundamental forces of the universe has taken a significant leap forward. Scientists are inching closer to bridging the gap between two of the most revolutionary theories in physics: general relativity and quantum mechanics. A new study suggests that by dividing spacetime into minuscule units, we might find a way to explain gravity—a macroscopic force—via the principles of quantum theory. This could potentially resolve the long-standing conundrum of how these two seemingly incompatible frameworks can coexist in extreme conditions like those found in black holes or the initial moments of the Big Bang. Energy Always Has an Upper Limit In the realm of physics, the idea that energy can be released at infinitely high levels has long posed challenges, particularly when dealing with quantum gravity. Picture a universe where space and time are not continuous but consist of minute, indivisible building blocks. This concept is akin to pixels on a digital screen or quanta in quantum mechanics, where energy and momentum are not smooth but come in discrete packets. In such a framework, objects would not move continuously but in fixed steps, and time would progress in tiny, discrete increments. These increments are so minute that they escape notice in our everyday lives. According to the principles of general relativity, gravity arises from the curvature of spacetime. If spacetime itself is fragmented, this curvature must also adhere to a quantized, step-like pattern. Moreover, if spacetime is quantized, then the energy release must have an upper limit, much like how no object can exceed the speed of light. This theoretical upper limit, known as Planck power, is unimaginably large—around 10⁵³ watts—but nonetheless finite. Wolfgang Wieland, the study's author, suggests that this concept could allow us to break down gravitational waves into their smallest quanta. 'Einstein Was Wrong': These Groundbreaking Black Hole Models Shatter Century-Old Theories with Unbelievable New Insights A Part of the Ongoing Quest Since the early 20th century, the relationship between general relativity and quantum mechanics has puzzled scientists. Initially thought to be mutually exclusive, recent research has indicated potential pathways to unite these theories, especially when examining phenomena like black holes. Previous studies have employed Einstein's field equations and entropy to explore how macroscopic phenomena such as gravity and spacetime can be described using quantum mechanics. While this current study isn't the first to attempt this unification, it is groundbreaking in its use of Planck power as a basis for exploring the connection. Despite these advancements, the theories remain largely theoretical, confined to mathematical equations and assumptions. Further research is needed to experimentally validate these ideas and potentially revolutionize our understanding of the universe. 'I Watched Time Slow Down in Orbit': This ESA Clock Is Revolutionizing the Science of Space-Time Precision The Implications of Quantized Spacetime If the concept of quantized spacetime proves accurate, it could fundamentally alter our understanding of the cosmos. This idea suggests that spacetime is not a smooth fabric but a collection of discrete units, changing the way we perceive gravity and other fundamental forces. In this model, the universe would operate much like a digital simulation, with everything broken down into its smallest components. Such a shift could have profound implications for fields ranging from cosmology to particle physics. The understanding of quantized spacetime could lead to new insights into how the universe began and how it might evolve. It could also provide a new lens through which to examine the fundamental forces that govern the cosmos. As researchers continue to explore this concept, it's possible that new technologies and methodologies will emerge, enabling us to probe deeper into the universe's mysteries. 'Earth Is Being Poisoned From Below': Microplastics Found in Earthworms Threaten Crops, Food Chains, and Human Survival Future Directions in Unified Physics The pursuit of a unified theory that encapsulates both general relativity and quantum mechanics remains one of the most compelling challenges in modern physics. The idea of quantized spacetime is a critical step in this journey, offering a new framework for understanding the universe. As scientists continue to explore this avenue, they are likely to encounter new challenges and opportunities for discovery. This ongoing research could pave the way for advances in technology and deepen our understanding of the universe's fundamental laws. The implications of such a breakthrough would not only transform physics but also potentially impact other scientific disciplines and even everyday life. As we stand on the brink of this new frontier, one can't help but wonder: what other secrets does the universe hold, waiting to be uncovered? Our author used artificial intelligence to enhance this article. Did you like it? 4.6/5 (25)
South China Morning Post
07-06-2025
- Health
- South China Morning Post
Write to Win (Round 5): Earth's gravity disappears for an hour every day. What should people do?
Read the responses to this week's Write to Win prompt and choose the answer you like most on this form. Hong Kong: If Earth's gravity were to magically disappear for an hour each day, hospitals should definitely prepare for a wave of people flooding in with injuries. To prepare, humans should stay indoors and have a well-padded area or a special bunker just for this no-gravity hour to prevent injuries from uncontrollable objects flying around. On top of that, humans should secure all their furniture and objects together so that these items do not become dangerous projectiles that could potentially make holes in walls or cause significant injuries. Lastly, humans should prepare fun things to do during this hour that do not involve physical movement, as gravity's disappearance would disrupt balance and blood circulation, potentially causing falls and fainting spells. Although losing gravity every day could be quite dangerous, I think it would be fun to be able to practically float around for an hour.
The Independent
04-06-2025
- General
- The Independent
Universe may have started inside black hole, not from Big Bang
The universe may not have begun with the Big Bang as is generally thought but from the collapse of a massive black hole, a new theory suggests. Current observations of our universe appear to support the Big Bang and cosmic inflation theories, which say that the early universe sprang into existence from a singular moment in space and time and rapidly blew up in size. The theories, however, leave many fundamental questions unanswered. For one, in the Big Bang model, the universe begins with a singularity, a point of infinite density where the laws of physics break down, making it difficult to understand what existed before the beginning. Two, after the explosion, the universe is said to have undergone accelerating expansion powered by yet unknown forces with strange properties. That is to say this model of cosmology explains the origin of the universe by introducing new forces and factors that have never been directly observed while still not explaining where everything came from. The new theory, described recently in the journal Physical Review D, probes what happens when the early universe's dense collection of matter collapses under gravity instead of tracing back how it all began. This is a process similar to what happens when stars collapse into black holes, but exactly what is inside these dense cosmic entities remains a mystery. Current theories state that, under typical conditions, the collapse of extremely dense matter inevitably leads to a singularity. But how exactly the rules of quantum mechanics, which dictate the behaviour of tiny particles, apply at the ultrasmall scales of a singularity is unknown. The new theory proposes that a gravitational collapse does not necessarily have to end in a singularity. It uses mathematical equations to show a collapsing cloud of matter can become extremely dense and then 'bounce' and rebound outward into a new expanding phase. 'The bounce is not only possible, it's inevitable under the right conditions,' study author Enrique Gaztanaga writes in The Conversation. 'The cosmological implication of this new approach is a novel understanding of the origin of the universe that emerges from the collapse and subsequent bounce of a spherically symmetric matter distribution.' The theory combines the framework of general relativity, which applies to largescale cosmic objects like stars and galaxies, with the principles of quantum mechanics that dictate how tiny atoms and particles behave. Crucially, it explains an early state universe without implying the existence of mysterious forces. The new theory is also testable as it predicts that the universe is not flat but slightly curved like the surface of the Earth, researchers say. If future observations can confirm that the shape of the universe indeed has a small curvature, it could suggest that it all began from a bounce. 'The smoking gun for our bouncing scenario is the presence of a small spatial curvature,' researchers write. Scientists hope further development of the theory can shed more light on current cosmic mysteries like the origin of monster black holes, the nature of dark matter, and factors influencing the evolution of galaxies. 'The black hole universe also offers a new perspective on our place in the cosmos,' Dr Gaztanaga writes. 'In this framework, our entire observable universe lies inside the interior of a black hole formed in some larger 'parent' universe.'
Yahoo
16-05-2025
- Science
- Yahoo
New theory could finally make quantum gravity a reality
When you buy through links on our articles, Future and its syndication partners may earn a commission. Physicists have developed a novel approach to solving one of the most persistent problems in theoretical physics: uniting gravity with the quantum world. In a recent paper published in the journal Reports on Progress in Physics, the scientists outline a reformulation of gravity that could lead to a fully quantum-compatible description — without invoking the extra dimensions or exotic features required by more speculative models, like string theory. At the heart of the proposal is a rethinking of how gravity behaves at a fundamental level. While the electromagnetic, weak and strong forces are all described using quantum field theory — a mathematical framework that incorporates uncertainty and wave-particle duality — gravity remains the outlier. General relativity, Einstein's theory of gravity, is a purely classical theory that describes gravity as the warping of space-time geometry by mass and energy. But attempts to blend quantum theory with general relativity often run into fatal mathematical inconsistencies, such as infinite probabilities. The new approach reinterprets the gravitational field in a way that mirrors the structure of known quantum field theories. "The key finding is that our theory provides a new approach to quantum gravity in a way that resembles the formulation of the other fundamental interactions of the Standard Model," study co-author Mikko Partanen, a physicist at Aalto University in Finland, told Live Science in an email. Instead of curving space-time, gravity in their model is mediated by four interrelated fields, with each one similar to the field that governs electromagnetism. These fields respond to mass in much the same way that electric and magnetic fields respond to charge and current. They also interact with each other and with the fields of the Standard Model in a way that reproduces general relativity at the classical level while also allowing quantum effects to be consistently incorporated. Related: 'Einstein's equations need to be refined': Tweaks to general relativity could finally explain what lies at the heart of a black hole Because the new model mirrors the structure of well-established quantum theories, it sidesteps the mathematical problems that have historically hindered efforts to quantize general relativity. According to the authors, their framework produces a well-defined quantum theory that avoids common problems — such as unphysical infinities in observable quantities and negative probabilities for physical processes — that typically arise when general relativity is quantized using conventional, straightforward methods. A key advantage of the approach is its simplicity. Unlike many models of quantum gravity that require undetected particles and additional forces, this theory sticks to familiar terrain. "The main advantages or differences in comparison with many other quantum gravity theories are that our theory does not need extra dimensions that do not yet have direct experimental support," Jukka Tulkki, a professor at Aalto University and co-author of the paper, told Live Science in an email. "Furthermore, the theory does not need any free parameters beyond the known physical constants." This means the theory can be tested without waiting for the discovery of new particles or revising existing physical laws. "Any future quantum gravity experiments can be directly used to test any (forthcoming) predictions of the theory," Tulkki added. Despite the promising features, the model is still in its early stages. Although preliminary calculations indicate that the theory behaves well under the usual consistency checks, a complete proof of its consistency remains to be worked out. Moreover, the framework has yet to be applied to some of the deepest questions in gravitational physics, such as the true nature of black hole singularities or the physics of the Big Bang. "The theory is not yet capable of addressing those major challenges, but it has potential to do so in the future," Partanen said. Experimental verification may prove even more elusive. Gravity is the weakest of the known forces, and its quantum aspects are incredibly subtle. Direct tests of quantum gravity effects are beyond the reach of current instruments. RELATED STORIES —In a first, physicists spot elusive 'free-range' atoms — confirming a century-old theory about quantum mechanics —Physicists create hottest Schrödinger's cat ever in quantum technology breakthrough —Scientists claim to find 'first observational evidence supporting string theory,' which could finally reveal the nature of dark energy "Testing quantum gravity effects is challenging due to the weakness of gravitational interaction," Tulkki said. Still, because the theory includes no adjustable parameters, any future experiment that probes quantum gravitational behavior could potentially confirm — or rule out — the new proposal. "Given the current pace of theoretical and observational advancements, it could take a few decades to make the first experimental breakthroughs that give us direct evidence of quantum gravity effects," Partanen said. "Indirect evidence through advanced observations could be obtained earlier." For now, Partanen and Tulkki's work opens up a fresh direction for theorists searching for a quantum theory of gravity — one that stays grounded in the successful frameworks of particle physics while potentially unlocking some of the most profound mysteries of the universe.
