Latest news with #earthscience
Daily Mail
2 days ago
- Science
- Daily Mail
Scientists spot a mysterious 'ghost plume' in Oman – and it suggests Earth's core could be LEAKING
A mysterious 'ghost plume' has been spotted beneath eastern Oman. Emanating from the Earth's core, this hot pillar of soft rock is pushing upwards from 410 miles (660km) beneath the planet's surface. Until now, the ghost plume was hidden because it hadn't broken through the surface to form volcanoes. But, in a new study, researchers have proved the 'ghost plume' exists by looking at how it slows down passing earthquake waves. Since waves move slower through hot, soft rock, this is a key sign that there is a plume hidden beneath the surface. Having shown that one ghost pillar exists, the researchers say there might be many more waiting to be found around the world. Worryingly , that might mean the Earth's core is leaking heat faster than scientists previously thought. Lead author Dr Simone Pilia, of the King Fahd University of Petroleum, Engineering and Geosciences, told MailOnline: 'It's a reminder that surface silence doesn't mean the mantle is quiet.' Ghost plumes are a type of mantle plume, pillars of hot rock which form when heat wells up from the boundary of the Earth's outer core, some 1,800 miles (2,890 km) beneath the surface. These are usually easy to find because they produce lots of volcanic activity at the surface as the molten rock is forced upwards. Dr Pilia says: 'A ghost plume is a mantle plume that doesn't produce observable surface volcanism, making it essentially "invisible" to traditional geological observation.' Although there are no volcanoes in Oman, Dr Pilia noticed that seismic waves from earthquakes slow down as they travel through this area. By analysing the way these waves were warped, Dr Pilia, who named the feature 'Dani' after his son, realised that there might be a cylinder of hot rock hidden beneath the ground. Dr Pilia and his co-authors used geological evidence and computer simulation to show how the presence of a mantle plume fits with what geologists already know about the area. Together, this evidence created a strong case that there is an elusive ghost plume lurking underground. Dr Pilia says: 'Despite lacking surface volcanic activity, all the deep-Earth signals of the plume are there.' Normally, mantle plumes would emerge at the surface as volcanoes. But Oman is above a layer of thick rock which keeps the plume well below the surface which it can't melt through Five layers of Earth Crust: To a depth of up to 43 miles (70km), this is the outermost layer of the Earth, covering both ocean and land areas. Mantle: Going down to 1,795 miles (2,890km) with the lower mantle, this is the planet's thickest layer and made of silicate rocks richer in iron and magnesium than the crust overhead. Outer core: Running to a depth of 3,200 miles (5,150km), this region is made of liquid iron and nickel with trace lighter elements. Inner core: Going down to a depth of 3,958 miles (6,370km) at the very centre of Earth, this region is thought to be made of solid iron and nickel. Innermost core: Within the inner core, this region is solid iron in a different, but unknown structure to the inner core. Based on this evidence, the plume is likely to be a cylinder around 125 to 185 miles in diameter (200-300km) and extends at least 410 miles (660km) deep. The rocks within the plume are up to 300°C (540°F) hotter than the surrounding mantle. Although these rocks are extremely hot, the researchers say the plume isn't producing volcanic activity due to a 'lid' of rock near the surface. Unlike above many other plumes, this 60-mile-thick (100km) layer of rock prevents the plume from melting its way to the surface. Dr Pilia says: 'Even if the plume is hot - and our data suggest it is - the pressure at those depths makes it very hard for melt to form and reach the surface. So, the plume exists, but it's essentially trapped.' Luckily for the people of Oman, Dr Pilia says this means the plume is 'very unlikely' to produce any volcanic activity in the foreseeable future. According to the modelling, the plume has been there for at least 40 million years, during which time it affected the drift of the Indian continental plate. The plume may also explain why parts of Oman continue to rise even after tectonic compression, a process which squeezes the Earth's crust together, has stopped. The researchers' modelling (pictured) suggests that the plume is a cylinder around 125 to 185 miles in diameter (200-300km) extending at least 410 miles (660km) beneath the surface Most importantly, this discovery also suggests that there may be many other ghost plumes out there waiting to be discovered, especially under areas with thick rock caps. That would mean more heat is leaking from the Earth's core than researchers previously thought, which could have big implications for the study of Earth's inner layers. Mantle plumes are a key part of how the Earth distributes heat and pressure deep beneath the surface. Studies have shown that they are closely linked to plate tectonics, the planet's magnetic field, and even the evolution of life on Earth. Dr Pilia says there are 'likely' many more ghost plumes around the world but these may be small and hard to spot without special networks of seismic detectors. 'What makes the Dani plume stand out is that we had just the right data, in just the right place, to finally see it. 'It's a reminder that surface silence doesn't mean the mantle is quiet.' The Earth is moving under our feet: Tectonic plates move through the mantle and produce Earthquakes as they scrape against each other Tectonic plates are composed of Earth's crust and the uppermost portion of the mantle. Below is the asthenosphere: the warm, viscous conveyor belt of rock on which tectonic plates ride. Earthquakes typically occur at the boundaries of tectonic plates, where one plate dips below another, thrusts another upward, or where plate edges scrape alongside each other. Earthquakes rarely occur in the middle of plates, but they can happen when ancient faults or rifts far below the surface reactivate.
Daily Mail
3 days ago
- Science
- Daily Mail
Scientists make shocking discovery 1,700 MILES beneath Earth's surface
Scientists have made a shocking discovery, 1,700 miles (2,700km) beneath the surface of our planet. A team from ETH Zurich has discovered solid rock flowing deep within Earth. The strange rocky current is neither liquid like molten magma nor solid like the brittle rock we might see at the surface. This is the first confirmation of scientists' suspicions that rock in the depths of the planet moves on convection currents like water in a boiling pot. 'Our discovery shows that the Earth is not only active on the surface, but is also in motion deep inside,' said lead author Professor Motohiko Murakami. Confirming this theory now allows scientists to begin mapping the hidden currents of solid rock deep within the planet. That might one day explain the invisible motor which drive s volcanoes, earthquakes, tectonic plates, and even the Earth's magnetic field. Professor Murakami added: 'We have finally found the last piece of the puzzle.' Five layers of Earth Crust: To a depth of up to 43 miles (70km), this is the outermost layer of the Earth, covering both ocean and land areas. Mantle: Going down to 1,795 miles (2,890km) with the lower mantle, this is the planet's thickest layer and made of silicate rocks richer in iron and magnesium than the crust overhead. Outer core: Running to a depth of 3,200 miles (5,150km), this region is made of liquid iron and nickel with trace lighter elements. Inner core: Going down to a depth of 3,958 miles (6,370km) at the very centre of Earth, this region is thought to be made of solid iron and nickel. Innermost core: Within the inner core, this region is solid iron in a different, but unknown structure to the inner core. Scientists divide the Earth into three main layers: the crust, the mantle, and the core. The striking discovery came from an investigation into a strange area of the mantle known as the D' layer. When the seismic waves from earthquakes hit this layer, they suddenly speed up as if they have entered a different type of material. Previously, Professor Murakami discovered that perovskite, the material which makes up most of the lower mantle, transforms into a new mineral around the D' layer. Under extreme pressure and heat, perovskite becomes post-perovskite, which Professor Murakami thought might account for the sudden change in seismic waves' behaviour. But it soon became apparent that this alone was not enough to explain why earthquake waves accelerated so much 1,700 miles beneath the surface. The researcher's breakthrough was discovering that the hardness of post-perovskite depends on how its crystals are aligned. Professor Murakami told MailOnline: 'Post-perovskite has an unusual property: it is extremely hard in only one specific crystallographic direction.' Since seismic waves travel faster through harder materials, this would explain why earthquake waves suddenly become so fast only in one specific region. In an extremely unusual experiment, Professor Murakami decided to recreate the conditions found nearly 2,000 miles beneath the Earth's surface to see how this could happen. Professor Murakami told MailOnline: 'By sandwiching a very small sample between the tips of two single-crystal diamonds with sharply pointed ends, it is possible to generate extremely high pressures. 'And through the transparent diamond windows, we can directly observe the sample under high pressure.' Tiny grains of perovskite were crushed at pressures up to 115 gigapascals, over 16 million pounds per square inch, to recreate the conditions of the D' layer. Under extreme heat and pressure, crystals in the post-perovskite would line up to face in the same direction. Testing revealed that only this specific alignment was hard enough to produce the same seismic acceleration the scientists had been looking for. That meant there must be something happening around the D' layer which forces all of the mineral crystals to point in the same direction. According to the researchers, this could only be caused by the solid rock flowing horizontally along the boundary between the Earth's mantle and the core. So, when the rock is moving steadily in one direction, all the crystals are forced to point the same way and the post-perovskite becomes much harder. That means that the D' layer is actually a vast underground current of super-hard rock 1,700 miles beneath the surface. Professor Mukami says: 'The mantle is solid, but it moves at a very slow speed—only a few centimetres per year. This movement is called mantle convection. 'Even though the mantle is solid, it can flow like a liquid over long periods of time if it has a certain viscosity. 'On the timescale of 4.6 billion years, even a few centimetres per year adds up to an enormous amount of movement.' The Earth is moving under our feet: Tectonic plates move through the mantle and produce Earthquakes as they scrape against each other Tectonic plates are composed of Earth's crust and the uppermost portion of the mantle. Below is the asthenosphere: the warm, viscous conveyor belt of rock on which tectonic plates ride. Earthquakes typically occur at the boundaries of tectonic plates, where one plate dips below another, thrusts another upward, or where plate edges scrape alongside each other. Earthquakes rarely occur in the middle of plates, but they can happen when ancient faults or rifts far below the surface reactivate.
