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Mint
15 hours ago
- Automotive
- Mint
After assembling 99% of its phones, India faces a harder manufacturing test
New Delhi: Over the past decade, India's electronics manufacturing sector has been defined by one thing: the mobile phone. From 2014 to 2024, the country went from assembling less than 30% of the phones it consumed to 99%, thanks largely to the ₹1.9 trillion Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme. According to the ministry of electronics and information technology (MeitY), the value of India's electronics production rose nearly fivefold to ₹9.5 trillion in 2023-24, from ₹1.9 trillion in 2014-15. Yet, for all the triumph in scale, for India to emerge as a global manufacturing powerhouse, it has to go beyond smartphones and also break free from its role as an assembly shop. To make mobile phones, electronic manufacturing services (EMS—or contract manufacturers) companies depend on imports of key components, including cameras, displays, high-end battery packs, semiconductors, and printed circuit boards (PCBs). Even other electronic products—smart TVs, CCTV cameras, computers, wearables, and hearables—are assembled from imported components. If product assembly is about managing global supply chains and focuses on integration and system level performance, 'manufacturing of components involves deeper scientific and engineering complexity," says Vinod Sharma, chairman of the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII)'s National Committee on Electronics Manufacturing. PLI boost Components are the DNA of electronics. However, the components that go into electronic goods in India are still largely sourced from China, Korea, and Taiwan. 'Even now, 85–90% of the electronics component value is imported," says a MeitY report. In 2023, only $15 billion of India's $101 billion electronics output came from components, the report noted. 'Without component manufacturing, there is no ecosystem. You can't make a product unless you can source the heart of it locally. Otherwise, you're just screwing parts together," says Sanjiv Narayan, co-founder of Syrma SGS Technology, a three-decade-old electronics manufacturing company. The ₹3,700 crore company, which exports 30% of its production, has 13 factories manufacturing electronics, automotive, telecom, and industrial electronics products, among others. In an effort to incentivize component manufacturers and boost localization, the government launched a ₹22,919-crore Electronics Component Manufacturing Scheme (ECMS) in April. The last date for companies to apply for benefits under the scheme is 31 July. ECMS will run for six years, from 2025-26 to 2031-32. It offers incentives for the manufacture of various components, including camera modules, displays, and multi-layer PCBs. As CII's Sharma put it, 'Components of components need to be there. The components policy is trying to address this issue by giving incentives for creation of the local ecosystem." Indeed, in a release announcing the launch, MeitY stated: 'The scheme aims to develop a robust component ecosystem by attracting large investments (global/domestic) in the electronics component manufacturing ecosystem, increasing domestic value addition by developing capacity and capabilities, and integrating Indian companies with global value chains." ECMS envisages attracting investments to the tune of ₹59,350 crore, generating production worth ₹4.5 trillion and creating additional direct employment for 91,600, as well as many indirect jobs. It has already received 70 applications— 80% from small and mid-sized players. According to reports, large companies such as Tata Electronics, Foxconn and Dixon Technologies are among the applicants. Queries sent to MeitY are yet to elicit a response. The scheme could provide the missing piece for expansion beyond smartphones. If implemented effectively, it will help build domestic supply chains for crucial components—an essential step in reducing dependence on imports. While the new PLI scheme has a long list of components, India does not have expertise in all of these. Initially, it will go with electro-mechanical components such as relays, switches, fuses and capacitors, for which manufacturing is already happening locally. These are the low-hanging fruit that Indian manufacturers can go after immediately. There is local expertise in parts such as camera modules and the industry will have to bank on collaborations, or global manufacturers might set up base here to make these. Interestingly, back in the 1980s India had a thriving components hub, with up to 80% of the black & white TVs sold in the country manufactured with locally sourced components. But later, with technology shifts, limited scale and zero import duty on components, the ecosystem for electronic parts died an early death. Engineering complexity For all the ambition, manufacturing components is a complex business, vastly different from assembling electronic products such as smartphones. The latter is akin to putting together 400-500 components, including cameras, sensors, a battery, memory, integrated circuits, and other parts to make a fully functional device. While all of that may seem complicated, assembling a smartphone is like a walk in the park compared to making components. To put that in context, each of the 500 or so components in a smartphone has multiple components within them. 'A manufacturer of components is dealing with far more complexity than someone who is assembling those components," says Narayan. 'It is foundational engineering. Making components requires advanced materials science capabilities, highly specialized machinery, precision control at nanometer scales." For instance, making advanced batteries needs understanding of complex battery chemistry, rare materials and very precise manufacturing. 'Right now, India is building the research, deep tech ecosystem and infrastructure needed for this level of manufacturing. As these areas grow, we have a strong opportunity to reduce our reliance on other countries," says Varun Gupta, co-founder of Boult. The company designs, develops and manufactures wireless earbuds, headphones, smartwatches and speakers, among other electronic gear. Each component is a mini-system in itself. Take for instance, the multilayer ceramic chip capacitor (MLCC) energy storage device. Its size varies widely for different applications, ranging from ultra-miniature (0.25 x 0.125 mm) to large (5.7 x 5.0 mm). The ultra-miniature MLCC, which is used in space constrained applications such as smartphones, hearables, wearables, etc., is manufactured by stacking alternating layers of ceramic dielectric material (insulator) and metallic electrodes, then sintering and applying external terminations. This process involves creating 50-100 thin ceramic sheets, printing electrode patterns on them, stacking the sheets, and then firing the stack at high temperatures to create a solid, monolithic structure that ranges in size from a few grains of rice to about a fingernail. Again, companies making camera modules for smartphones will need local supplies of image sensors, lens, infrared filters, digital signal processors (to convert images into digital format, etc.) The global market for camera modules was $43.3 billion in 2023 and is expected to be $68.5 billion in 2028, according to Markets and Markets. South Korea's LGInnotek, and China's OFILM and Sunny Optical Technology are among the large global manufacturers of camera modules. The skills needed for assembly-line operations and manufacturing components are also different. A diploma holder or electronics/mechanical engineer will be ready for assembly operations after about 30 days of training. For component manufacturing, the same talent will have to be trained for up to six months to become familiar with additional manufacturing lines, industrial gases, contamination control, temperature, pressure and working in dust free, ultra-clean environments, among myriad things. Smartphone-centric assembly EMS in India has largely been mobile phone-centric," says CII's Sharma. 'It's like a 4x400 relay race—we've run the first lap, but the remaining three are even more critical." The first leg of India's relay was defined by contract manufacturing of smartphones. Companies such as Foxconn, Wistron, Dixon, and others became the backend for Apple, Xiaomi, OnePlus, RealMe and other brands, while Samsung also scaled up, setting up a large smartphone factory in Noida. PLI-led manufacturing—where the government gives sops between 4-6% on incremental sales—not only made the country self-reliant (largely in smartphones) but also helped scale up local makers such as Dixon Technologies, Optiemus Infracom, Syrma SGS Technology. It also attracted global companies, including iPhone makers Foxconn and Pegatron, and electronic components makers Jabil Circuit and others. But assembly is not manufacturing, and setting up a component ecosystem will help address that lacuna. 'Our value addition in electronics is only 10–15%," says Saurabh Agarwal, tax partner and manufacturing practice lead at EY India. 'It shows that because of PLI, India is among the largest assemblers of phones in the world. But a lot needs to be done to increase local value addition. A lot of critical components are being imported." Also, unlike in smartphones, in the non-mobile categories, which include televisions, air conditioners (ACs), washing machines, IT hardware, and industrial electronics, the volumes are way less compared to what China does and hence makers can't derive economies of scale. In smartphones, India has a better record with around 300 million units being made (read: assembled) and Apple also ramping up production here. However, India still heavily relies on imports for products such as laptops, desktops, other IT hardware and key parts of TVs and washing machines. 'IT hardware players didn't have to make in India to sell in India as import duties were nil to low. Laptop and desktop companies weren't in the same predicament as phone makers like Apple or Samsung," says CII's Sharma. Made in India? CII's Sharma sees design as the third lap of India's EMS relay—and the most ignored. 'You can't build a brand without design. And unless Indian companies invest in original product and component design, we'll never have a Samsung or a Panasonic," he says. This view is echoed by Gupta of Boult. The company reported revenue of ₹3 crore in 2017, its first year, and in 2024-25, clocked ₹750 crore. For manufacturing, it relies on imports of key parts such as chips, drivers, and LED screens. 'We've set up our own SMT (surface mount technology, which embeds chips on a printed circuit board) lines and source plastics and packaging domestically," says Gupta. 'But core manufacturing still depends on global suppliers," he adds. The final lap, CII's Sharma believes, is about building brands. And here, India has stumbled repeatedly. One of the reasons often cited by the industry is lack of volumes. Local brands cannot compete with cheaper imports and are forced out. Though, this is changing in some areas, like ACs. India now makes 22-25 million ACs a year, up from 9-10 million a decade back. China is still the global AC hub with 90 million units, India now has the volumes, which justifies making PCBs for AC inverter controllers, which are currently imported from China. One way to create economies of scale is to collaborate rather than compete. For example, Ashok Gupta, chairman of Optiemus Infracom, argues that India lacks a 'we' culture. 'Instead of collaborating, Indian brands tried to go solo. Without economies of scale, they couldn't survive. The government gave us the PLI cherry. But industry players didn't work together to build the cake," says Gupta. Optiemus has four factories in Noida and makes drones, wearables, hearables, and telecom gear, among other products. It now manufactures for brands such as Realme, Noise, and Boat. EY India's Agarwal points out that companies can scale up from assembly to brands once they have the know-how. For instance, when Intel set up its factory in Taiwan back in the 1980s, local company TSMC benefited and today it is the largest contract manufacturer of chips in the world. New opportunities India's next challenge lies in building a broader industrial base. Companies such as Syrma SGS, Boult and Optiemus are positioning themselves to tap new opportunities in telecom, automotive, and medical devices. Even Lenovo, a Chinese company, has expanded its Puducherry facility to accommodate server manufacturing—an indication that India's next manufacturing chapter is beginning to take shape. But experts warn against over-reliance on incentive schemes. 'Your business model must be viable on its own," Optiemus' Gupta says. 'We have passed the first baton," CII's Sharma says, referring to his relay analogy. 'If we fumble the next stages—building components, design, and brands—we'll never win the race."
Time of India
a day ago
- Time of India
Man attacked and robbed after road rage in E Delhi
New Delhi: In an apparent case of road rage, a businessman was attacked with a sharp object and beaten after his vehicle came into contact with a bike in east Delhi's Pandav Nagar. The three assailants also fled with his SUV following the assault. A suspect has been apprehended. The victim was identified as Vinod Sharma. Police said the incident took place around 9:30 pm on Friday. "He was on his way to his shop when his SUV and a bike came into contact, leading to a confrontation," police said. An alleged CCTV footage of the incident reveals that it occurred on a busy stretch of road with several vehicles passing by. The footage shows an SUV and a bike coming close to each other, resulting in a minor collision. The driver of the SUV stopped the vehicle and got out to assess the situation. A person wearing a cap, who was riding the bike, approached the SUV driver, and the two began to argue. Suddenly, another youth came running towards them and struck the SUV driver without warning. Moments later, the first individual pulled out a knife-like object, which he concealed, and joined in the assault. Soon after, a third accomplice arrived on the scene, and all three men began beating the SUV driver. by Taboola by Taboola Sponsored Links Sponsored Links Promoted Links Promoted Links You May Like מתערבת בהכל - על מערכת החיסון ומחלות אוטואימוניות web2info Undo Amid the chaos, the man wearing the cap, who was involved in the initial altercation, got into the SUV and drove away. Despite the presence of several bystanders and passing vehicles, no one intervened to help the victim. A senior police officer said the victim sustained injuries, suspected to be caused by a sharp object used by the attackers during the scuffle. Police confirmed they identified the three individuals involved in the incident and that efforts are underway to apprehend them. "We formed multiple teams to catch the culprits. We are also scanning CCTV footage to trace the routes taken by the attackers as they fled the scene," a senior officer said. The cops registered a case under relevant sections of BNS, including robbery and assault.
BBC News
21-02-2025
- BBC News
India's Opioid Kings: BBC Eye investigation exposes an Indian pharma firm fuelling West Africa's opioid crisis
India's Opioid Kings, a new documentary from the BBC World Service's award-winning BBC Eye Investigations team, has revealed that an Indian pharmaceutical company is manufacturing unlicensed, addictive opioids and exporting them illegally to West Africa where they are driving a major public health crisis. Aveo Pharmaceuticals, based in Mumbai, makes a range of pills that go under different brand names and are packaged to look like legitimate medicines. But all contain the same harmful mix of ingredients: tapentadol, a powerful opioid, and carisoprodol, a muscle relaxant so addictive it's banned in Europe. This combination of drugs is not licensed for use anywhere in the world and can cause breathing difficulties and seizures. An overdose can kill. Despite the risks, these opioids are widely used as street drugs in many West African countries. The BBC World Service found packets of them, branded with the Aveo logo, for sale on the streets of Ghana, Nigeria, and Cote D'Ivoire. Having traced the drugs back to Aveo's factory in India, the BBC sent an undercover operative inside the factory, posing as an African businessman looking to supply opioids to Nigeria. Using a hidden camera, the BBC filmed one of Aveo's directors, Vinod Sharma, showing off the same dangerous products the BBC found for sale across West Africa. In the secretly recorded footage, the operative tells Sharma that his plan is to sell the pills to teenagers in Nigeria 'who all love this product.' Sharma doesn't flinch. 'OK,' he replies, before explaining that if users take two or three pills at once, they can 'relax' and get 'high.' Towards the end of the meeting, Sharma holds up a box of pills made in his own factory and admits: 'This is very harmful for their health — but nowadays, this is business.' It is a business that is damaging the health and destroying the potential of millions of young people across West Africa, including in Ghana, Nigeria, and Cote D'Ivoire, the BBC Eye documentary shows. In the city of Tamale, in Ghana, so many young people are taking illegal opioids that one of the city's chiefs, Alhassan Maham, has created a voluntary task force of about 100 citizens whose mission is to raid drug dealers and take these pills off the streets. 'The drugs consume the sanity of those who abuse them,' says Maham, 'like a fire burns when kerosene is poured on it.' One addict in Tamale put it even more simply. The drugs, he said, have 'wasted our lives'. Nigeria, with a population of 225 million people, provides the biggest market for these pills. The Chairman of Nigeria's Drug and Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA), Brig Gen Mohammed Buba Marwa, told the BBC, opioids are 'devastating our youths, our families, it's in every community in Nigeria.' In India, pharmaceutical companies cannot legally manufacture and export unlicensed drugs unless these drugs meet the standards of the importing country. Aveo ships Tafrodol and similar products to Ghana, where this combination of tapentadol and carisoprodol is, according to Ghana's national Drug Enforcement Agency, unlicensed and illegal. By shipping Tafrodol to Ghana, Aveo is breaking Indian law. BBC Eye put these allegations to Vinod Sharma and Aveo Pharmaceuticals. They did not respond. The Indian drugs regulator, the CDSCO, told us the Indian government recognises its responsibility towards global public health and is committed to ensuring India has a responsible and strong pharmaceutical regulatory system. It added that exports from India to other countries are closely monitored and that recently tightened regulation is strictly enforced. It also called importing countries to support India's efforts by ensuring they had similarly strong regulatory systems. The CDSCO stated it has taken up the matter with other countries, including those in West Africa, and is committed to working with them to prevent wrongdoing. The regulator said it will take immediate action against any pharmaceutical firm involved in malpractice. Watch BBC Eye Investigation: India's Opioid Kings on BBC iPlayer International audiences can watch the film on the BBC Africa YouTube channel. Read the story on the BBC News website – via in the UK; and internationally – on BBC Studios global digital news platform. LN1
BBC News
21-02-2025
- BBC News
BBC expose one Indian pharmaceutical company wey dey produce and export opiod wey strong pass tramadol illegally for West Africa
One Indian pharmaceutical company dey manufacture unlicensed, highly addictive opioids and dey export dem illegally to West Africa wia dem dey drive a major public health crisis for countries including Ghana, Nigeria, and Cote D'Ivoire, one BBC Eye investigation don reveal. Aveo Pharmaceuticals, wey dey based in Mumbai, dey make different pills wey dey go under different brand names and dey packaged to look like legitimate medicines. But dem all contain di same harmful mix of ingredients: tapentadol, one powerful opioid, and carisoprodol, one muscle relaxant wey dey so addictive e dey banned in Europe. Dis combination of drugs no dey licensed for use anywhere in di world and fit cause breathing difficulties and seizures. Overdose fit kill. Despite di risks, dis opioids dey popular as street drugs for many West African countries, because dem dey so cheap and widely available. BBC World Service find packets of dem, wey dem brand with di Aveo logo, for sale on di streets of Ghanaian, Nigerian, and Ivoirian towns and cities. After dem trace di drugs back to Aveo factory for India, BBC send undercover operative inside di factory, wey pose as an African businessman looking to supply opioids to Nigeria. Using hidden camera, BBC film one of Aveo directors, Vinod Sharma, as e dey show off di same dangerous products wey BBC find for sale across West Africa. For di secretly recorded footage, di operative tell Sharma say im plan na to sell di pills to teenagers for Nigeria "wey all love dis product". Sharma no shake. "OK," e reply, before e explain say if users take two or three pills at once, dem fit "relax" and e agree say dem fit get "high". Towards di end of di meeting, Sharma say: "Dis dey very harmful for di health," adding say "nowadays, dis na business." Na business wey dey damage di health and destroy di potential of millions of young pipo across West Africa. For di city of Tamale, for northern Ghana, so many young pipo dey take illegal opioids wia one of di city chiefs, Alhassan Maham, don create a voluntary task force of about 100 local citizens wey dia mission na to raid drug dealers and take di pills comot from di streets. "Di drugs dey make those wey abuse dem mad," Maham tok, "like fire dey burn wen dem pour am kerosene." One addict for Tamale tok am more simple. Di drugs, e tok, don "wast our lives". BBC team follow di task force as dem jump ontop motorbikes and, after tip off about one drug deal, launch raid for one of Tamale poorest neighbourhoods. On di way dem pass one young man wey slump to stupor who, according to locals, don take dis drugs. Wen dem catch di dealer, e bin dey carry plastic bag wey dey filled with green pills wey dem label Tafrodol. Dem stamp di packets with di logo of Aveo Pharmaceuticals. No be just for Tamale na im Aveo pills dey cause palava. BBC find similar products, made by Aveo, wey police seize for oda place for Ghana. We also find evidence say Aveo pills dey for sale on di streets of Nigeria and Cote D'Ivoire, wia teenagers dey dissolve dem inside alcoholic energy drink to increase di high. Publicly-available export data show say Aveo Pharmaceuticals, along with a sister company called Westfin International, dey ship millions of dis tablets to Ghana and oda West African countries. Nigeria, with a population of 225 million people, na di biggest market for dis pills. E dey estimated say about four million Nigerians dey some form of opioid, according to Nigeria National Bureau of Statistics. Chairman of Nigeria Drug and Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA), Brig Gen Mohammed Buba Marwa, tell BBC say opioids dey "devastating to our youths, our families, e dey for every community in Nigeria". For 2018, after one BBC Africa Eye investigation into di sale of opioids as street drugs, Nigerian authorities try to clamp down on di widely abused opioid painkiller called tramadol. Government ban di sale of tramadol without prescription, impose strict limits on di maximum dose, and crack down on imports of illegal pills. At di same time, Indian authorities tighten export regulations on tramadol. Not long after dis crackdown, Aveo Pharmaceuticals begin to export a new pill based on tapentadol, wey be even stronger opioid, mixed with di muscle-relaxant carisoprodol. West African officials dey warn say opioid exporters appear to dey use dis new combination pills as a substitute for tramadol and to dodge di crackdown. For di Aveo factory cartons of di combination drugs on top dey packed ontop of each other, almost ceiling-high. On im desk, Vinod Sharma lay out packet after packet of di tapentadol-carisoprodol cocktail pills wey di company dey market under different names including Tafrodol, di most popular, as well as TimaKing and Super Royal-225. E tell BBC undercover team say "scientists" wey dey work for im factory fit combine different drugs to "make a new product". Aveo new product dey even more dangerous dan di tramadol e replace. According to Dr Lekhansh Shukla, assistant professor for di National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences for Bengaluru, India, tapentadol "give di effects of opioid" including very deep sleep. "E fit dey deep enough say pipo no go fit breathe, and e fit lead to drug overdose," e explain. "And along with dat, you dey give another agent, carisoprodol, wey also dey give very deep sleep, relaxation. E sound like a very dangerous combination." Carisoprodol don dey banned in Europe because e dey addictive. E dey approved for use in di US but only for short periods of up to three weeks. Withdrawal symptoms include anxiety, insomnia, and hallucinations. Wen mixed with tapentadol di withdrawal dey even "more severe" compared to regular opioids, Dr Shukla tok. "na painful experience." E say e no know of any clinical trials on dis combination. Unlike tramadol, wey dey legal for use in limited doses, di tapentadol-carisoprodol cocktail "no sound like a rational combination", e tok. "Dis no be something wey dey licensed to be used in our country." For India, pharmaceutical companies no fit legally manufacture and export unlicensed drugs unless dis drugs meet di standards of di importing country. Aveo ships Tafrodol and similar products to Ghana, wia dis combination of tapentadol and carisoprodol dey, according to Ghana national Drug Enforcement Agency, unlicensed and illegal. By shipping Tafrodol to Ghana, Aveo dey break Indian law. We put dis allegations to Vinod Sharma and Aveo Pharmaceuticals. Dem no respond. Di Indian drugs regulator, CDSCO, tell us say di Indian government recognise im responsibility towards global public health and dey committed to ensuring say India get a responsible and strong pharmaceutical regulatory system. E add say exports from India to oda countries dey closely monitored and say recently tightened regulation dey strictly enforced. Dem also call importing countries to support India efforts by ensuring dem get similarly strong regulatory systems. CDSCO say dem don take up di matter with oda countries, including those for West Africa, and dey committed to working with dem to prevent wrongdoing. Di regulator say e go take immediate action against any pharmaceutical firm involved in malpractice. Aveo no be di only Indian company making and exporting unlicensed opioids. Publicly available export data suggest say other pharma companies manufacture similar products, and di drugs with different branding dey widely available across West Africa. Dis manufacturers dey damage di reputation of India fast-growing pharmaceutical industry, wey dey make high-quality generic medicines upon which millions of pipo worldwide depend on and manufactures vaccines wey don save millions of lives. Di industry exports dey worth at least $28bn (£22bn) a year. Speaking about im meeting with Sharma, BBC undercover operative, wey im identity must remain protected for im safety, say: "Nigerian journalists don dey report on dis opioid crisis for more dan 20 years but finally, I bin dey face to face… with one of di men at di root of Africa opioid crisis, one of di men wey dey actually make dis product and dey ship am into our countries by di container load. E know di harm e dey do but e no care… e describe am smply as business." Back for Tamale, Ghana, di BBC team follow di local task force on one final raid wey dem find even more of Aveo Tafrodol. Dat evening, dem gather for one local park to burn di drugs wey dem seize. "We dey burn am for open for everybody to see," Zickay, one of di leaders, as dem dey burn di packets tok, "so e go send a signal to di sellers and di suppliers: if dem get you, dem go burn your drugs". But even as di fire destroy di small hundred packets of Tafrodol, di "sellers and suppliers" for di top of dis chain, thousands of miles away for India, dey produce millions more - and dey become rich on di profits of misery.
Yahoo
21-02-2025
- Yahoo
Exposing an Indian pharma firm fuelling West Africa's opioid crisis
An Indian pharmaceutical company is manufacturing unlicensed, highly addictive opioids and exporting them illegally to West Africa where they are driving a major public health crisis in countries including Ghana, Nigeria, and Cote D'Ivoire, a BBC Eye investigation has revealed. Aveo Pharmaceuticals, based in Mumbai, makes a range of pills that go under different brand names and are packaged to look like legitimate medicines. But all contain the same harmful mix of ingredients: tapentadol, a powerful opioid, and carisoprodol, a muscle relaxant so addictive it's banned in Europe. This combination of drugs is not licensed for use anywhere in the world and can cause breathing difficulties and seizures. An overdose can kill. Despite the risks, these opioids are popular as street drugs in many West African countries, because they are so cheap and widely available. The BBC World Service found packets of them, branded with the Aveo logo, for sale on the streets of Ghanaian, Nigerian, and Ivoirian towns and cities. Having traced the drugs back to Aveo's factory in India, the BBC sent an undercover operative inside the factory, posing as an African businessman looking to supply opioids to Nigeria. Using a hidden camera, the BBC filmed one of Aveo's directors, Vinod Sharma, showing off the same dangerous products the BBC found for sale across West Africa. In the secretly recorded footage, the operative tells Sharma that his plan is to sell the pills to teenagers in Nigeria "who all love this product". Sharma doesn't flinch. "OK," he replies, before explaining that if users take two or three pills at once, they can "relax" and agrees they can get "high". Towards the end of the meeting, Sharma says: "This is very harmful for the health," adding "nowadays, this is business." It is a business that is damaging the health and destroying the potential of millions of young people across West Africa. In the city of Tamale, in northern Ghana, so many young people are taking illegal opioids that one of the city's chiefs, Alhassan Maham, has created a voluntary task force of about 100 local citizens whose mission is to raid drug dealers and take these pills off the streets. "The drugs consume the sanity of those who abuse them," says Maham, "like a fire burns when kerosene is poured on it." One addict in Tamale put it even more simply. The drugs, he said, have "wasted our lives". The BBC team followed the task force as they jumped on to motorbikes and, following a tip off about a drug deal, launched a raid in one of Tamale's poorest neighbourhoods. On the way they passed a young man slumped in a stupor who, according to locals, had taken these drugs. When the dealer was caught, he was carrying a plastic bag filled with green pills labelled Tafrodol. The packets were stamped with the distinctive logo of Aveo Pharmaceuticals. It's not just in Tamale that Aveo's pills are causing misery. The BBC found similar products, made by Aveo, have been seized by police elsewhere in Ghana. We also found evidence that Aveo's pills are for sale on the streets of Nigeria and Cote D'Ivoire, where teenagers dissolve them in an alcoholic energy drink to increase the high. Publicly-available export data show that Aveo Pharmaceuticals, along with a sister company called Westfin International, is shipping millions of these tablets to Ghana and other West African countries. Nigeria, with a population of 225 million people, provides the biggest market for these pills. It has been estimated that about four million Nigerians abuse some form of opioid, according to Nigeria's National Bureau of Statistics. The Chairman of Nigeria's Drug and Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA), Brig Gen Mohammed Buba Marwa, told the BBC, opioids are "devastating our youths, our families, it's in every community in Nigeria". In 2018, following a BBC Africa Eye investigation into the sale of opioids as street drugs, Nigerian authorities tried to get a grip on a widely abused opioid painkiller called tramadol. The government banned the sale of tramadol without prescription, imposed strict limits on the maximum dose, and cracked down on imports of illegal pills. At the same time, Indian authorities tightened export regulations on tramadol. Not long after this crackdown, Aveo Pharmaceuticals began to export a new pill based on tapentadol, an even stronger opioid, mixed with the muscle-relaxant carisoprodol. West African officials are warning that opioid exporters appear to be using these new combination pills as a substitute for tramadol and to evade the crackdown. In the Aveo factory there were cartons of the combination drugs stacked on top of each other, almost ceiling-high. On his desk, Vinod Sharma laid out packet after packet of the tapentadol-carisoprodol cocktail pills that the company markets under a range of names including Tafrodol, the most popular, as well as TimaKing and Super Royal-225. He told the BBC's undercover team that "scientists" working in his factory could combine different drugs to "make a new product". Watch India's Opioid Kings from BBC Eye Investigations on iPlayer or, if you are outside the UK, watch on YouTube. Aveo's new product is even more dangerous than the tramadol it has replaced. According to Dr Lekhansh Shukla, assistant professor at the National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences in Bengaluru, India, tapentadol "gives the effects of an opioid" including very deep sleep. "It could be deep enough that people don't breathe, and that leads to drug overdose," he explained. "And along with that, you are giving another agent, carisoprodol, which also gives very deep sleep, relaxation. It sounds like a very dangerous combination." Carisoprodol has been banned in Europe because it is addictive. It is approved for use in the US but only for short periods of up to three weeks. Withdrawal symptoms include anxiety, insomnia, and hallucinations. When mixed with tapentadol the withdrawal is even "more severe" compared to regular opioids, said Dr Shukla. "It's a fairly painful experience." He said he knew of no clinical trials on the efficacy of this combination. Unlike tramadol, which is legal for use in limited doses, the tapentadol-carisoprodol cocktail "does not sound like a rational combination", he said. "This is not something that is licensed to be used in our country." In India, pharmaceutical companies cannot legally manufacture and export unlicensed drugs unless these drugs meet the standards of the importing country. Aveo ships Tafrodol and similar products to Ghana, where this combination of tapentadol and carisoprodol is, according to Ghana's national Drug Enforcement Agency, unlicensed and illegal. By shipping Tafrodol to Ghana, Aveo is breaking Indian law. We put these allegations to Vinod Sharma and Aveo Pharmaceuticals. They did not respond. The Indian drugs regulator, the CDSCO, told us the Indian government recognises its responsibility towards global public health and is committed to ensuring India has a responsible and strong pharmaceutical regulatory system. It added that exports from India to other countries are closely monitored and that recently tightened regulation is strictly enforced. It also called importing countries to support India's efforts by ensuring they had similarly strong regulatory systems. The CDSCO stated it has taken up the matter with other countries, including those in West Africa, and is committed to working with them to prevent wrongdoing. The regulator said it will take immediate action against any pharmaceutical firm involved in malpractice. Aveo is not the only Indian company making and exporting unlicensed opioids. Publicly available export data suggest other pharma companies manufacture similar products, and drugs with different branding are widely available across West Africa. These manufacturers are damaging the reputation of India's fast-growing pharmaceutical industry, which makes high-quality generic medicines upon which millions of people worldwide depend and manufactures vaccines which have saved millions of lives. The industry's exports are worth at least $28bn (£22bn) a year. Speaking about his meeting with Sharma, the BBC's undercover operative, whose identity must remain concealed for his safety, says: "Nigerian journalists have been reporting on this opioid crisis for more than 20 years but finally, I was face to face… with one of the men at the root of Africa's opioid crisis, one of the men who actually makes this product and ships it into our countries by the container load. He knew the harm it was doing but he didn't seem to care… describing it simply as business." Back in Tamale, Ghana, the BBC team followed the local task force on one final raid that turned up even more of Aveo's Tafrodol. That evening they gathered in a local park to burn the drugs they had seized. "We are burning it in an open glare for everybody to see," said Zickay, one of the leaders, as the packets were doused in petrol and set ablaze, "so it sends a signal to the sellers and the suppliers: if they get you, they'll burn your drugs". But even as the flames destroyed a few hundred packets of Tafrodol, the "sellers and suppliers" at the top of this chain, thousands of miles away in India, were churning out millions more - and getting rich on the profits of misery.
