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Newsweek
10 hours ago
- Health
- Newsweek
Map Shows States Where Drinking Water Contamination is Highest
Based on facts, either observed and verified firsthand by the reporter, or reported and verified from knowledgeable sources. Newsweek AI is in beta. Translations may contain inaccuracies—please refer to the original content. A new study by researchers at Columbia University has revealed the states that have higher rates of arsenic in public drinking water systems, most of which are in the West and Midwest. Michigan, South Dakota, Nevada, and California were all states that had areas with levels of higher than 5 micrograms per liter of arsenic in the drinking water. The study found that even low levels of arsenic in drinking water may increase the risk of below average birth weight and other adverse birth outcomes. Why It Matters Arsenic is a natural element that can be found in soils, sediments, and groundwater, meaning it can feed into public drinking water systems. Water sources in some parts of the U.S. have higher naturally occurring levels of inorganic arsenic than other areas, according to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). At high levels, exposure to arsenic can cause symptoms ranging from nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea to dehydration and shock. Long-term exposure has been associated with skin disorders and increased risks for diabetes, high blood pressure, and several types of cancer. While EPA has determined that there is a safe level of exposure at less than 10 micrograms per liter, the new study suggests that the maximum level of accepted arsenic exposure may still be associated with health risks. A map showing the levels of arsenic in drinking water in different locations. A map showing the levels of arsenic in drinking water in different locations. Uncredited/JAMA Network What To Know The study was conducted via review of 14,000 pregnancies across 35 cohort sites participating in the National Institutes of Health's Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) program, and its findings were published on the medical journal site JAMA Network earlier this week. It also assessed the level of arsenic in public drinking water systems in various areas nationwide—based on data from 2017 to 2019, with the exception of Michigan, as data was not available in that time period for the state and instead was taken from 2009 to 2011. The findings, as shown in the map above, revealed that Western and Midwestern states were more likely to have higher levels of arsenic in public drinking water. The disparity is because some states "have elevated arsenic levels primarily due to natural geology, with some contribution from human activities," Vasilis Vasiliou, chair and professor of environmental health sciences at Yale School of Public Health, told Newsweek. "Arsenic naturally leaches from rocks into groundwater in regions with volcanic, mineral-rich, or sedimentary formations," which is common in the Southwest, Midwest, and parts of California's Central Valley, he said. "Many affected communities depend on groundwater-fed wells, which are more prone to arsenic contamination than surface water," he added. Vasiliou said that agricultural runoff and irrigation practices were also factors at play, particularly in areas like California's Central Valley or Nebraska's farming regions. "Small rural and Indigenous communities often bear the highest burden, especially those relying on underfunded or poorly monitored water systems," he added. "Many small water systems lack the capacity for frequent testing or advanced arsenic removal. Without federal or state investment, meaningful reduction in exposure is unlikely," Vasiliou said. While the EPA continues to maintain that exposure to arsenic in drinking water at a level of less than 10 micrograms per liter "protects public health based on the best available science and ensures that the cost of the standard is achievable," some states have taken measures into their own hands. New Jersey and New Hampshire have since enacted stricter limits of 5 micrograms per liter. "The 10 micrograms per liter limit is a political and economic compromise, not a health-based standard, and likely insufficient to fully protect the public, especially over a lifetime of exposure," Vasiliou said. What People Are Saying Vasilis Vasiliou, chair and professor of environmental health sciences at Yale School of Public Health, told Newsweek: "Even at low-to-moderate levels of chronic exposure (e.g., 5—10 µg/L), arsenic has been linked to cardiovascular disease, including increased risk of high blood pressure, atherosclerosis, and ischemic heart disease—possibly due to endothelial damage and oxidative stress. It has also been linked to type 2 diabetes, as arsenic can impair pancreatic β-cell function and glucose metabolism. Low-level exposure has also been associated with reduced cognitive performance, particularly in children, and possibly neurodegeneration in older adults. Chronic exposure, even at levels near or below the EPA maximum, has been linked to bladder, lung, skin, and possibly kidney and liver cancers. Arsenic disrupts immune function as well, increasing susceptibility to infections and possibly reducing vaccine effectiveness." He added: "The current EPA maximum contaminant level of 10 µg/L was set in 2001, and enforced in 2006, based largely on cancer risk, balancing feasibility and cost. However, more recent studies suggest adverse health effects at levels well below 10 µg/L, especially for sensitive populations. A growing number of researchers argue that no safe threshold may exist for certain outcomes like prenatal exposure, cardiovascular disease, and cancer." What Happens Next The authors of the study called for further research to determine the influence of arsenic on public health, and stressed the importance of updating health-based water safety standards at both federal and state levels.
Newsweek
a day ago
- Health
- Newsweek
America's Drinking Water is Changing How Babies Are Being Born: Study
Based on facts, either observed and verified firsthand by the reporter, or reported and verified from knowledgeable sources. Newsweek AI is in beta. Translations may contain inaccuracies—please refer to the original content. Even low levels of arsenic in U.S. public drinking water may increase the risk of below average birth weight and other adverse birth outcomes, says a new national study led by researchers at Columbia University. The findings, drawn from nearly 14,000 pregnancies across 35 cohort sites participating in the National Institutes of Health's Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) program, were published on the medical journal site JAMA Network earlier this week. "It is concerning, but what really stands out as major concern from this study is that no exposure level seems truly safe during pregnancy," Vasilis Vasiliou, chair and professor of environmental health sciences at Yale School of Public Health, told Newsweek. Newsweek has contacted the EPA via email for comment. Why It Matters The research addresses growing concerns about the adequacy of U.S. drinking water safety standards, particularly for vulnerable populations. The findings suggest that health risks may occur from exposure below levels currently considered safe by the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) arsenic limit that was determined in 2001. The study also said that low birth weight and preterm birth are "important predictors of infant mortality and morbidity across the life span," highlighting that low-level exposure to arsenic in drinking water could have prolonged and even fatal impacts. File photo: a young girl drinks some water from a bottle. File photo: a young girl drinks some water from a bottle. Nicolas Messyasz/Sipa via AP What To Know The study found that prenatal exposure to arsenic—even below the current federal standard of 10 micrograms per liter—was linked to a higher likelihood of babies being born preterm, with lower birth weights, or smaller than expected for their gestational age. Preterm birth was noted when a baby had a gestational age of less than 37 weeks, and low birth weight was identified as a weight of less than 2500 grams, or 2.5 kilograms. Both outcomes were observed across multiple racial and ethnic groups, including White, Black, Hispanic/Latino, American Indian, Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander families. The authors noted that the risk of low birth weight following prenatal exposure to arsenic was higher among White, Black and Hispanic/Latino birthing parents. "Arsenic's toxicity during pregnancy is multifactorial, involving oxidative stress, epigenetic disruption, placental toxicity, immune dysregulation, and hormonal interference—all of which can independently or jointly lead to low birth weight, preterm birth, and developmental programming of chronic disease," Vasiliou told Newsweek. In 2001, the EPA announced its 10 micrograms per liter standard for arsenic. At the time, the EPA Administrator, Christine Todd Whitman, stated that "the 10 ppb protects public health based on the best available science and ensures that the cost of the standard is achievable." However, some states, such as New Jersey and New Hampshire, have since enacted stricter limits of 5 micrograms per liter. "Arsenic is released from rocks and soil into groundwater, which then feeds into municipal supplies," Vasiliou said. He added that regions like the Southwest, parts of New England, Minnesota, and Wisconsin "are known for elevated natural levels." Human activities like mining, agriculture, and industrial processes "can raise arsenic levels in nearby water systems," he said. What People Are Saying Vasilis Vasiliou, chair and professor of environmental health sciences at Yale School of Public Health, told Newsweek: "I believe that based on this, the EPA should consider lowering the maximum contaminant level below 10 µg/L. The authors explicitly recommend this as a way to help reduce low‑birth weight rates. More frequent testing of public water systems, especially in high‑risk locales, along with investment in treatment technologies, for example coagulation, adsorption, ion exchange, will be essential. Communities with elevated but sub-limit arsenic should be informed about risks, and pregnant people encouraged to use alternative water sources or filtration. I believe that we should continue monitoring birth outcomes in relationship to low-dose arsenic exposure and refine risk estimates across different demographics." He added: "Arsenic isn't the only chemical of concern in tap water; I can list PFAS, 2,4-dioxane and other emerging chemical contaminants. Therefore, pregnant people often face multiple low-level exposures. Even small reductions in one contaminant can yield meaningful health improvements when cumulative." What Happens Next The study's authors urged for further research to dissect the combined influence of arsenic and other social determinants of health. They also stressed the importance of reviewing legacy contaminants like arsenic and updating health-based water safety standards at both federal and state levels.
