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Malay Mail
a day ago
- Health
- Malay Mail
Cooling crisis: Why Malaysia's urban trees are critical in the heatwave battle
KUALA LUMPUR, June 20 — You're enjoying a bowl of cendol under a large angsana tree. The sun is at its peak, with temperatures reaching 33°Celsius. Yet, in the shade, the air feels cooler, and you feel at ease despite the blazing rays. As the planet warms, especially in countries of the Global South, the presence of trees in dense urban areas can mean the difference between life and death. Heatwaves have killed scores of people in the last five years and hospitalised hundreds as temperatures reached record highs. Between 2023 and 2024 alone, heat caused by the El Niño cycle claimed five lives, according to the Khazanah Research Institute. Its researchers have predicted a rise in heat-related illnesses in the coming years. How cities are built exacerbates the crisis. Urban centres, constructed with heat-trapping materials, create a phenomenon called the urban heat island (UHI) effect, where cities experience significantly warmer temperatures than surrounding rural areas, especially at night. Evapotranspiration: How trees act as natural air conditioners Trees are the most cost-effective solution to counter heatwaves, although more public education is needed, said Associate Professor Ts Dr Sreetheran Maruthaveeran, a Certified Arborist and Senior Lecturer in Landscape Architecture at Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM). 'Trees enhance the microclimate of an area through the process of transpiration. During this process, trees release water in the form of vapour primarily through their leaves' stomata, as well as via evaporation from surfaces like leaves, flowers, and stems,' he explained. 'As water evaporates during transpiration, it absorbs heat from the surrounding environment, leading to a cooling effect. This is particularly noticeable under tree canopies, where transpiration significantly reduces air temperature.' In cities, this transpiration helps mitigate the UHI effect by cooling the air and increasing humidity, making urban environments more liveable and comfortable. If it's shady, it's cooler The UHI effect is caused by several factors, including urban construction materials that trap heat and reflect less light than natural ground cover. Hard surfaces like concrete and asphalt contribute to higher temperatures by reflecting less radiation back into the atmosphere. Tree canopies provide shade that blocks direct sunlight from heating these surfaces, effectively preventing heat gain, said Dr Ruzana Adibah Mohd Sanusi, laboratory head at UPM's Institute of Tropical Forestry and Agroforestry. 'Tree cover in cities can lower air temperatures by up to 8°C and land temperatures by up to 12°C,' she said. 'Trees help keep cities cool by blocking direct sunlight, reducing surface temperatures.' A field of dried grass reflects the ongoing hot and dry weather. — Picture by Raymond Manuel So why are more trees being cut down? Concerns are growing about trees being felled as local authorities respond hastily to incidents of fallen trees damaging roads or vehicles. Experts say balancing preservation and harm reduction is challenging. Increasing public awareness about the critical role of trees in urban climate mitigation has sparked calls for greater protection, particularly of older trees. However, this often clashes with city councils' safety-first policies, which sometimes result in excessive tree removal. Sreetheran noted that city councils are actively involved in tree preservation and public education, but improvements are needed. One major issue is the shortage of arborists, which hampers effective tree management. 'It's timely for city or town councils to train more officers in arboriculture or urban forestry,' he said, adding that courses by the Malaysian Society of Arborists (PArM) could help. 'These courses cover tree biology, maintenance, pest and disease management, pruning, and other relevant topics.' Public awareness is also key. Ruzana said city dwellers can act as safeguards against indiscriminate or illegal tree felling, but public understanding of trees' importance to urban ecosystems remains low. 'The public must understand the importance of trees and act as oversight to help preserve them,' she said. Are there regulations governing the cutting down of trees? Local governments often enforce rules for tree cutting under the Tree Preservation Order (TPO), enacted through the Town and Country Planning Act 1976 (Act 172). The TPO is meant to protect trees from being felled, damaged, or uprooted without permission from local planning authorities. Sreetheran explained that the TPO prohibits cutting trees with a girth exceeding 0.8 metres, as well as those with significant aesthetic, historical, or ecological value, regardless of size. Violations can result in fines of up to RM100,000 or imprisonment of up to six months. However, activists and residents argue that enforcement of the TPO is lacking, with inadequate mechanisms to audit local governments' actions on trees. This has led to allegations of indiscriminate tree cutting, even in cases where trees provide critical shade and cooling for urban areas. 'To date, Selangor, Perak, and Melaka are the only states in Peninsular Malaysia to have successfully adopted the TPO Rules in 2001, 2011, and 2017, respectively,' Sreetheran said. He added that poor awareness and rapid development hurdles have hindered wider adoption of the TPO in Malaysia.
Malay Mail
a day ago
- Science
- Malay Mail
From Angsana to Mempari: Trees that can transform Malaysia's urban landscape
KUALA LUMPUR, June 20 — Trees in cities are more than just decorative elements. They play a critical role in mitigating heat gain from hard surfaces by providing shade and releasing cool air through evapotranspiration, natural processes that make urban centres more liveable. However, the wrong tree species can pose challenges. Some can be invasive, prone to diseases, or have roots that damage pavements or roads. Trees suitable for a city like Chiang Mai, Thailand, may not be ideal for Johor Baru or Putrajaya, even if both countries share a similar climate. 'When planners began conceptualising how cities and towns in Malaysia would look, trees were seen mostly for their aesthetic value,' said Dr Sreetheran Maruthaveeran, a certified arborist and senior lecturer in Landscape Architecture at Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM). The realisation that trees are vital buffers against climate warming and essential for urban survivability came later. Sreetheran said planners must now consider factors such as carbon storage and sequestration when selecting tree species, alongside low maintenance requirements. Malay Mail spoke to two tree experts to identify species they believe are ideal for cities like Kuala Lumpur and Johor Baru. Tees are vital buffers against climate warming and essential for urban survivability — Picture by Raymond Manuel Angsana or Sena (Pterocarpus indicus) The Angsana's distinctive dome-shaped crown offers excellent shade and is visually appealing, making it a popular choice for urban landscaping. Known for its hard, durable, and termite-resistant wood, the tree also has nitrogen-fixing capabilities. 'Angsana trees have shown the ability to sequester significant amounts of carbon annually,' Sreetheran said. Pulai Pipit, Pulai Penipu Paya or Akar Lumut (Alstonia angustifolia) Commonly known as Pulai in Malaysia, this tree can grow up to 40 metres tall with a trunk diameter of up to 60 centimetres, making it excellent for shading and cooling urban areas. Pulai trees also produce white, yellow, or cream-coloured flowers that attract pollinators like butterflies and hummingbirds, enriching urban biodiversity. Additionally, its leaves and roots have antifungal and anti-inflammatory properties, making the tree cost-effective to maintain. Dr Ruzana Adibah Mohd Sanusi, laboratory head at UPM's Institute of Tropical Forestry and Agroforestry, said tree selection should consider how species interact with other plants and fit into the ecosystem. 'The tree we choose should be suitable for the site, particularly how they interact (with other organisms) at the site,' she said. A worker waters a tree under the scorching sun to ease the effects of a heatwave. — Picture by Raymond Manuel Jambu Laut or Jambu Air Laut (Syzygium grande) Known as the Sea Apple Tree in English, the Jambu Laut is prized for its attractive foliage and fragrant flowers. It also bears edible, plum-sized fruits that attract birds, butterflies, and other wildlife, providing food and shelter and enhancing the ecosystem. Mature Jambu Laut trees, which can grow up to 45 metres tall, are fire-tolerant and have been used in firebreaks. These trees are fast-growing and thrive in humid, coastal areas, making them well-suited for city forestry. Mempari (Pongamia pinnata) Native to South-east Asia, including Malaysia, the Mempari tree thrives in diverse habitats, from riverbanks and tidal estuaries to lowland forests. The tree is highly tolerant of various climates, soils, and even some shade, making it ideal for urban areas. Its ability to fix nitrogen in the soil helps restore degraded or contaminated land and mitigates soil erosion, protecting infrastructure. However, pongamia trees can grow quite large, requiring proper spacing and regular maintenance to prevent overcrowding and ensure their health.
