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Gizmodo
3 days ago
- Health
- Gizmodo
A Vaccine for Yeast Infections Could Soon Be Reality
Hold your horses, The Last of Us. Scientists have created an experimental vaccine that could be effective against multiple types of fungal germs, including those that cause vaginal yeast infections. Researchers at the University of Georgia developed the vaccine candidate, code-named NXT-2. In their latest study with mice, NXT-2 appeared to protect the animals from a common culprit of yeast infection, Candida albicans. The team is now planning to forge ahead with human trials of the vaccine. Compared to bacteria or viruses, fungi don't make people sick as often. But there are some common fungal illnesses that cause plenty of misery, including yeast infections and ringworm. Fungi can also cause serious, life-threatening infections in people with weakened immune systems or otherwise poor health. And fungal infections in general are becoming more common, possibly due to factors like climate change (fungi usually prefer temperatures cooler than our bodies, but some species have likely already become more tolerant to us). Another reason why fungi are becoming more dangerous is the lack of weapons available against them. We have far fewer antifungals than antibiotics, for instance, and no approved vaccines whatsoever. While new antifungals are needed, they're ultimately a stopgap, since fungi can adapt and evolve resistance to them. So the UGA researchers are hoping that their 'pan-fungal' vaccine can provide more of a long-term solution to the most worrying fungi out there. In previous animal studies, the team's NXT-2 vaccine appeared effective at preventing or reducing harm from three of the most common sources of invasive fungal infections in people (collectively representing 80% of fatal infections). This latest research, published this month in NPJ Vaccines, tested NXT-2 in a mouse model of vulvovaginal candidiasis. NXT-2 provoked a strong immune response in the mice to C. albicans fungi, the researchers found, including in vaginal tissue. Vaccinated mice infected with the fungi also experienced reduced fungal burden and less vaginal tissue damage and inflammation. 'These studies provide supportive evidence of broad efficacy of NXT-2 and support the rationale for its further development as a single, pan-fungal vaccine for local and systemic fungal infections,' they wrote. Though the vaccine may be able to tackle the most serious fungal infections, the researchers plan to first test it out in humans as a vaccine against recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC). These infections affect over 100 million women worldwide every year and can be incredibly stressful, the researchers note. Young and otherwise healthy women also tend to experience these infections more often, which should make recruiting potential volunteers for trials easier. 'RVVC is not life-threatening, but it is miserable. As many as one in 10 women develop the condition during their lifetime, suffering three or more yeast infections per year,' said lead author Karen Norris, a professor of immunology and translational biomedicine in the UGA College of Veterinary Medicine, in a statement from the university. 'This is a huge need.' Norris is also the CEO and founder of NXT Biologics, the biotech company developing NXT-2 commercially. And should NXT-2 succeed as hoped against yeast infections, the next step will be targeting the most dangerous fungi in the world. 'That's where I believe this vaccine will do the most good: in people who are at high risk for highly dangerous, life-threatening infections,' Norris said.
Health Line
06-06-2025
- Health
- Health Line
What Causes Penile Swelling, and How Can I Treat It?
Some causes of a swollen penis include balanitis, contact dermatitis, urethritis, and priapism. Treatment may include home remedies, topical ointments, medications, and surgery. Penile swelling is usually a symptom of a health condition rather than a condition itself. It may show up with other symptoms, which can range from mild to severe. If you have penile swelling, your penis may also look discolored and the area might feel sore or itchy. The swelling can occur with or without unusual discharge, foul odor, or bumps. These symptoms can make it difficult to urinate or have sexual intercourse. In rare cases, a swollen penis may be a medical emergency that requires immediate medical attention. Read on to learn the common causes of penile swelling and what to do to treat it. You'll notice the language used to share stats and other data points is pretty binary, fluctuating between the use of 'male' and 'female' or 'men' and 'women.' While we typically avoid language like this, specificity is key when reporting on research participants and clinical findings. Balanitis Balanitis is a common cause of penile swelling. It occurs when the glans (head) penis is inflamed. About 3% to 11% of people with a penis will experience balanitis in their lifetime, and it's more common in uncircumcised penises. Balanitis usually results from improper penile hygiene, which causes an overgrowth of Candida albicans, a type of yeast that naturally occurs on the body. The second most common cause is due to the bacteria Streptococcus. Recurring balanitis is associated with unmanaged diabetes and immunodeficiency. Common symptoms of balanitis may include: skin discoloration shiny, thick skin itching foul odor painful urination sores swollen lymph nodes in the groin smegma (thick white discharge under the foreskin) While the condition isn't a sexually transmitted infection (STI), the microorganisms that cause it can be physically transferred. Treatment Treatment will depend on the underlying cause, but may include topical medications or oral antibiotics. Regularly cleaning the penis area with warm water and a gentle soap is important to help prevent fungal or bacterial growth. Allergic or irritant reaction Contact dermatitis involves an allergic or nonallergic reaction to an irritant, which may cause penile swelling. Some common irritants of penile contact dermatitis may include: latex condoms silicone-based lubricants spermicides chemicals in soaps or lotions chlorine certain clothing fabrics In addition to swelling, symptoms of contact dermatitis may include: skin discoloration itching dryness bumps blisters burning Treatment The best treatment for penile contact dermatitis is to avoid the irritant or allergen altogether. As such, you might consider: wearing loose-fitting cotton underwear using fragrance-free soaps and detergents wearing latex-free condoms during sexual activities A healthcare professional can help you identify possible irritants and allergens. Urethritis Inflammation of the urethra, known as urethritis, may cause swelling of the penile urinary meatus (external urinary opening), but not the entire penis. The urethra carries urine from your bladder to your penis. In the United States, urethritis affects 4 million people every year. Urethritis is typically the result of an STI caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonococcal urethritis), but nongonococcal bacteria can also cause it. Less common causes include irritating chemicals or injury from a urinary catheter. Other symptoms of urethritis may include: pain or burning during urination irritated glans penis whitish-yellow penile discharge Treatment Urethritis is usually treated with a course of antibiotics. Symptoms usually go away after 1 to 2 weeks. Peyronie's disease Peyronie's disease happens when plaque builds up in the corpora spongiosa of the penis, below the skin. Blood can't fill the areas where the plaque is located so the penis bends at that point during an erection. Experts estimate that 4 in 100 males between 40 and 70 years old have Peyronie's disease. In rare cases, younger people may be affected. Most Peyronie's is first noticed as a bend or curvature with no other symptoms. Over time, the swelling may turn into a hard scar. Other symptoms of Peyronie's disease may include: inflammation with swelling painful erections soft erections lumps painful sexual intercourse erectile dysfunction The cause of Peyronie's disease isn't clear. However, it's associated with: penis injury autoimmune disease connective tissue disorder aging Treatment Treatment for Peyronie's disease will depend on the severity of the condition. A doctor may prescribe drugs to be administered orally or by injection. In more severe cases, you may need surgery to help shorten or lengthen a side of the penis, or to have a prostethic device implace. »More on this: How is Peyronie's disease treated? Posthitis If only your foreskin is swollen, you might have posthitis. This is inflammation of the foreskin. An overgrowth of fungus often causes it. Posthitis often develops with balanitis, a condition known as balanoposthitis. Foreskin symptoms may include: soreness discoloration tightness smegma buildup Treatment Treatment depends on the underlying cause. It may include oral or topical medications and maintaining proper penile hygiene. Balanoposthitis Typically, balanitis and posthitis occur together, a condition known as balanoposthitis. It's inflammation of both the glans and foreskin. Compared to balanitis, balanoposthitis is less common and only affects uncircumcised penises. It affects up to 1 in 5 people with an uncircumcised penis. Balanoposthitis may cause penile swelling along with: discoloration pain smelly discharge itching Treatment Treatment for balanoposthitis may include a combination of: maintaining proper penile hygiene avoiding possible irritants and allergens taking oral medications or applying topical creams Paraphimosis Paraphimosis is another cause of penile swelling that only affects people with an uncircumcised penis. It happens when the foreskin is stuck just behind the glans, causing constriction. This may be a medical emergency. If the foreskin can't be pulled back, it can cut off blood flow and lead to tissue death in the glans. Additional symptoms of paraphimosis may include: pain discomfort discoloration tenderness difficulty urinating Paraphimosis may result from: forgetting to pull the foreskin back down infection injury incorrect circumcision diabetes-related inflammation Paraphimosis affects about 1 in 100 people over 16 years old who aren't circumcised. Treatment Treatment for paraphimosis will depend on the severity of the condition. A doctor may use compression techniques like ice, elastic bands, aspiration, or surgery to relieve tension. Penile cancer Penile swelling might indicate penile cancer, but this is extremely rare. In North America and Europe, fewer than 1 in 100,000 men are diagnosed with penile cancer. Typically, skin changes are the first sign of penile cancer. Other symptoms may include: skin thickening discoloration lump or ulcer flat, blue-brown bumps foul-smelling discharge under the foreskin bleeding under the foreskin You're more likely to develop penile cancer if you: are age 60 years or older have difficulty managing personal hygiene have phimosis use tobacco products have human papillomavirus (HPV) Treatment Treatment for penile cancer will depend on the stage and severity of your cancer. It may include: medications, such as chemotherapy radiation therapy surgery Home remedies for a swollen penis If you have minor penile swelling, home remedies might provide relief. These include: soaking in a warm bath applying gentle pressure to your penis applying a cold compress to your penis It's also best to avoid harsh soaps, lotions, and other potentially irritating substances. When to see a doctor If you have penile swelling that worsens, doesn't go away, or occurs after injury, connect with a doctor. A doctor may perform a physical examination and ask you about your medical history. They may also request other tests, depending on your symptoms, including: swab test urine test blood tests imagining tests, such as ultrasound, X-ray, CT scan, or MRI biopsy This could help them determine the underlying cause and develop an appropriate treatment plan for you. In some cases, a doctor might refer you to a urologist. The bottom line Penile swelling is a symptom of an underlying medical condition. Depending on the cause, you might also have skin discoloration, itchiness, unusual discharge, or bumps. There are many causes of penile swelling, so see a doctor if it gets worse or doesn't go away. Many conditions can be diagnosed with a basic physical exam.
