Vera Rubin: First celestial image from revolutionary telescope

A powerful new telescope in Chile has released its first images, showing off its unprecedented ability to peer into the dark depths of the universe.In one picture, vast colourful gas and dust clouds swirl in a star-forming region 9,000 light years from Earth. The Vera C Rubin observatory, home to the world's most powerful digital camera, promises to transform our understanding of the universe.If a ninth planet exists in our solar system, scientists say this telescope would find it in its first year.
It should detect killer asteroids in striking distance of Earth and map the Milky Way. It will also answer crucial questions about dark matter, the mysterious substance that makes up most of our universe.This once-in-a-generation moment for astronomy is the start of a continuous 10-year filming of the southern night sky."I personally have been working towards this point for about 25 years. For decades we wanted to build this phenomenal facility and to do this type of survey," says Professor Catherine Heymans, Astronomer Royal for Scotland.The UK is a key partner in the survey and will host data centres to process the extremely detailed snapshots as the telescope sweeps the skies capturing everything in its path.Vera Rubin could increase the number of known objects in our solar system tenfold.
BBC News visited the Vera Rubin observatory before the release of the images.It sits on Cerro Pachón, a mountain in the Chilean Andes that hosts several observatories on private land dedicated to space research.Very high, very dry, and very dark. It is a perfect location to watch the stars.Maintaining this darkness is sacrosanct. The bus ride up and down the windy road at night must be done cautiously, because full-beam headlights must not be used.The inside of the observatory is no different.There is a whole engineering unit dedicated to making sure the dome surrounding the telescope, which opens to the night sky, is dark – turning off rogue LEDs or other stray lights that could interfere with the astronomical light they are capturing from the night sky.The starlight is "enough" to navigate, commissioning scientist Elana Urbach explains.One of the observatory's big goals, she adds, is to "understand the history of the Universe" which means being able to see faint galaxies or supernova explosions that happened "billions of years ago"."So, we really need very sharp images," Elana says.Each detail of the observatory's design exhibits similar precision.
It achieves this through its unique three-mirror design. Light enters the telescope from the night sky, hits the primary mirror (8.4m diameter), is reflected onto the secondary mirror (3.4m) back onto a third mirror (4.8m) before entering its camera.The mirrors must be kept in impeccable condition. Even a speck of dust could alter the image quality.The high reflectivity and speed of this allow the telescope to capture a lot of light which Guillem Megias, an active optics expert at the observatory, says is "really important" to observe things from "really far away which, in astronomy, means they come from earlier times".The camera inside the telescope will repeatedly capture the night sky for ten years, every three days, for a Legacy Survey of Space and Time.At 1.65m x 3m, it weighs 2,800kg and provides a wide field of view.It will capture an image roughly every 40 seconds, for about 8-12 hours a night thanks to rapid repositioning of the moving dome and telescope mount.It has 3,200 megapixels (67 times more than an iPhone 16 Pro camera), making it so high-resolution that it could capture a golf ball on the Moon and would require 400 Ultra HD TV screens to show a single image."When we got the first photo up here, it was a special moment," Mr Megias said."When I first started working with this project, I met someone who had been working on it since 1996. I was born in 1997. It makes you realise this is an endeavour of a generation of astronomers."
It will be down to hundreds of scientists around the world to analyse the stream of data alerts, which will peak at around 10 million a night.The survey will work on four areas: mapping changes in the skies or transient objects, the formation of the Milky Way, mapping the Solar System, and understanding dark matter or how the universe formed.But its biggest power lies in its constancy. It will survey the same areas over and over again, and every time it detects a change, it will alert scientists.
"This transient side is the really new unique thing... That has the potential to show us something that we hadn't even thought about before," explains Prof Heymens.But it could also help protect us by detecting dangerous objects that suddenly stray near Earth, including asteroids like YR4 that scientists briefly worried early this year was on track to smash into our planet.The camera's very large mirrors will help scientists detect the faintest of light and distortions emitted from these objects and track them as they speed through space."It's transformative. It's going be the largest data set we've ever had to look at our galaxy with. It will fuel what we do for many, many years," says Professor Alis Deason at Durham university.She will receive the images to analyse how far back the stars reach in the Milky Way.At the moment most data from the stars goes back about 163,000 light years, but Vera Rubin could see back to 1.2 million light-years.Prof Deason also expects to see into the Milky Way's stellar halo, or its graveyard of stars destroyed over time, as well as small satellite galaxies that are still surviving but are incredibly faint and hard to find.Tantalisingly, Vera Rubin is thought to be powerful enough to finally solve a long-standing mystery about the existence of our solar system's Planet Nine.That object could be as far away as 700 times the distance between the Earth and the Sun, far beyond the reach of other ground telescopes. "It's gonna take us a long time to really understand how this new beautiful observatory works. But I am so ready for it," says Professor Heymans.

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With its unique, fast-moving design, astronomers will snap an image of the sky once every 40 seconds for eight to 12 hours every single night. As part of the Legacy Survey of Space and Time, the telescope will map the entire southern night sky once every three days for the next ten years. At its peak, the observatory will be generating tens of thousands of images every night, which will be sent to scientists around the world. The UK will also play a critical role in this project by hosting the data centres to process the enormous quantities of data. Another small section of the same image shows spiral galaxies interacting in the heart of a dense galaxy cluster The Vera C Rubin Observatory Altitude: 8,768.9 feet (2,672.7m) Primary mirror diameter: 27.5 feet (8.4m) Camera resolution: 3,200 megapixels The Vera C Rubin Observatory is a unique 'survey telescope' designed to photograph the entire night sky once every three days. 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Scientists believe that the telescope will increase the catalogue of objects in the solar system tenfold. Speaking at a press conference revealing the test images, Aaron Roodman, Deputy Director for the observatory's construction, said: 'Since we take images of the night sky so quickly and so often, we'll detect millions of changing objects literally every night. That means, if there is a ninth planet hiding somewhere in the solar system, the Vera C Rubin telescope will be able to find it. Some scientists believe there might be a ninth planet orbiting 700 times further from the sun than Earth, well beyond the range of conventional telescopes. But by using a three-mirror system to focus even the faintest amounts of light, the Vera C Rubin Observatory will be able to see this planet if it is there. Light from distant galaxies is reflected from a 27.5-foot (8.4m) primary mirror, into an 11.2-foot (3.4m) secondary mirror, back into a 15.7-foot (4.8m) mirror, which bounces it into the waiting camera. The setup is so sensitive that a single speck of dust or the light from a stray LED is enough to cause distortion. However, overcoming those difficulties will give scientists an unprecedented window into the galactic past. Mr Roodman says: 'We also will combine those images to be able to see incredibly dim galaxies and stars, including galaxies that are billions of light-years away. 'Rubin Observatory is truly a discovery machine. It will enable us to explore galaxies, stars in the Milky Way, objects in the solar system, and all in a truly new way.' More photos from the Vera C Rubin Observatory will be released in a live-streamed event at 16:00 BST today. Who was Vera C Rubin? The namesake of the world's largest digital camera The Vera C Rubin Observatory is named after the American astronomer Vera Rubin, who was born in 1928. Vera Rubin is famous for being the person whose work provided the first convincing evidence for the existence of 'dark matter'. This is the hidden, unobservable extra mass which explains why the universe looks the way it does. Prior to Rubin's discoveries, dark matter had been proposed but was not something that many astronomers took seriously. Rubin studied more than 60 galaxies and found that the stars at the edges were moving just as fast as those at the centre. According to the laws of physics that didn't make sense. When Rubin and her colleague Kent Ford added up the mass of the galaxies, they found that their gravity shouldn't have been strong enough to hold them together. That meant there needed to be some extra mass holding them together, and that mass must be dark matter. Rubin was convinced that scientists would discover what dark matter was within a decade, but the mystery has proven far more elusive.