Cardinals wrap up pre-conclave meetings unsure about who should follow Francis
Cardinals have wrapped up their pre-conclave meetings, trying to identify a possible new pope who could follow Pope Francis and make the 2,000-year-old Catholic Church credible and relevant today, especially to young people.
Although they come from 70 different countries, the 133 cardinal electors seem fundamentally united in insisting that the question before them is not so much whether the church gets its first Asian or African pontiff, or a conservative or progressive.
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Rather, they say the primary task facing them when the conclave opens on Wednesday is to find a pope who can be both a pastor and a teacher, a bridge who can unite the church and preach peace.
Cardinals leave at the end of a Mass on the eighth of nine days of mourning for Pope Francis in St Peter's Basilica at the Vatican (Alessandra Tarantino/AP)
'We need a superman!' said Cardinal William Seng Chye Goh, the 67-year-old archbishop of Singapore.
It is indeed a tall task, given the sexual abuse and financials scandals that have harmed the church's reputation and the secularising trends in many parts of the world that are turning people away from organised religion.
Add to that the Holy See's dire financial state and often dysfunctional bureaucracy, and the job of being pope in the 21st century seems almost impossible.
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Francis named 108 of the 133 electors and selected cardinals in his image.
But there is an element of uncertainty about the election since many of them did not know one another before last week, meaning they have not had much time to suss out who among them is best suited to lead the 1.4-billion-strong church.
The cardinals held their last day of pre-conclave meetings on Tuesday morning, during which Francis' fisherman's ring and his official seal were destroyed in one of the final formal rites of the transition of his pontificate to the next.
The cardinals will begin trying to find the new pope on Wednesday afternoon, when those 'princes of the church' walk solemnly into the Sistine Chapel to the meditative chant of the 'Litany of the Saints'.
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They will take their oaths of secrecy under the daunting vision of heaven and hell in Michelangelo's 'Last Judgment', hear a meditation from a senior cardinal, and then cast their first ballot.
Cardinal Fridolin Ambongo Besungu arrives to celebrate Mass at his titular church, San Gabriele Arcangelo all'Acqua Traversa, three days before the conclave (Andrew Medichini/AP)
Assuming no candidate secures the necessary two-thirds majority, or 89 votes, the cardinals will retire for the day and return on Thursday.
They will have two ballots in the morning and then two in the afternoon, until a winner is found.
Asked what the priorities of the cardinal electors were, Cardinal Goh told reporters this week that the number one issue was that the new pope must be able to spread the Catholic faith and 'make the church relevant in today's time. How to reach out to young people, how to show a face of love, joy and hope'.
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– A pope for the future
But beyond that, there are some real-world geopolitical concerns to take into consideration.
The Catholic Church is growing in Africa and Asia, both in numbers of baptised faithful and vocations to the priesthood and women's religious orders.
It is shrinking in traditionally Catholic bastions of Europe, with empty churches and the faithful formally leaving the church in places like Germany, many citing the abuse scandals.
'Asia is ripe for evangelisation and the harvest of vocations,' said the Reverend Robert Reyes, who studied in the seminary with Cardinal Luis Antonio Tagle, the Filipino prelate considered a contender to be the first Asian pope.
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Vatican employees sign the oath of secrecy for all those assigned to the conclave during a ceremony in the Pauline Chapel (Vatican Media/AP)
But should the pope necessarily reflect the new face of the Catholic Church, and inspire the faithful especially in the parts of the world where the momentum of growth is already under way?
Pope Francis was the first Latin American pope, and the region still counts the majority of the world's Catholics.
Indian Cardinal Oswald Gracias, the retired archbishop of Mumbai, said the church needs to become more Asian, culturally and spiritually.
The 'centre of gravity of the world is shifting toward Asia,' he said. 'The Asian church has much to give to the world.'
At 80, Gracias will not be participating in the conclave, but India has four cardinal-electors, and overall Asia counts 23, making it the second-biggest voting bloc after Europe, which has 53 (or likely 52, given that one is not expected to participate for health reasons).
One of the big geopolitical issues facing the cardinals is China and the plight of the estimated 12 million Chinese Catholics there.
Under Francis, the Vatican in 2018 inked a controversial agreement with Beijing governing the appointment of bishops, which many conservatives decried as a sellout of the underground Chinese Catholics who had remained loyal to Rome during decades of communist persecution.
Cardinals Ruben Salazar Gomez, left is flanked by Cardinal Luis Jose Rueda Aparicio as they arrive in the New Hall of the Synod at the Vatican (Gregorio Borgia/AP)
The Vatican has defended the accord as the best deal it could get, but it remains to be seen if Francis' successor will keep the policy.
– The church in Africa
According to Vatican statistics, Catholics represent 3.3% of the population in Asia, but their numbers are growing, especially in terms of seminarians, as they are in Africa, where Catholics represent about 20% of the population.
Cardinal Fridolin Ambongo Besungu, the archbishop of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, said he is in Rome to elect a pope for all the world's Catholics.
'I am not here for the Congo, I am not here for Africa, I am here for the universal church. That is our concern, the universal church,' he told reporters.
'When we are done, I will return to Kinshasa and I will put back on my archbishop of Kinshasa hat and the struggle continues.'
Cardinal Jean-Paul Vesco, the chatty French-born archbishop of Algiers, Algeria, lamented last week that there had not been enough time for the cardinals to get to know one another, since many of them had never met before and hail from 70 countries in the most geographically diverse conclave in history.
'Every day, I say to myself, 'Ah! Oh my God! There we have it!'' he said.
– The role of the Holy Spirit
For the cardinals, there is also the belief that they are guided by the Holy Spirit.
Cardinal Luis Antonio Tagle, centre, takes part in the procession carrying the body of Pope Francis to St Peter's Basilica at the Vatican (Alessandra Tarantino/AP)
There is a famous quote attributed to then-Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger in 1997, in comments to a Bavarian television station.
The future Pope Benedict XVI said the Holy Spirit acted like a good educator in a conclave, allowing cardinals to freely choose a pope without dictating the precise candidate.
'Probably the only assurance he offers is that the thing cannot be totally ruined,' Cardinal Ratzinger reportedly said.
'There are too many contrary instances of popes the Holy Spirit would obviously not have picked.'
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