Dossier of WhatsApp chats shows how ad agencies aligned to fix prices in India
Omnicom Media's India chief was frustrated. It was Oct. 5, 2023, and a rival was trying to poach the U.S. firm's client by offering lower prices, just weeks after global advertising agencies and broadcasters struck secret pacts on ad rates in the South Asian country.
The attempt to woo the client violated the agencies' agreement, Omnicom Media's India CEO Kartik Sharma wrote in a WhatsApp group comprising a who's who of advertising, according to excerpts of the discussion documented by antitrust investigators.
"This kind of practice is not in the spirit of what we are collectively trying to achieve," Sharma wrote, without identifying the parties.
Shashi Sinha, then India CEO of New York-based IPG Mediabrands, suggested an industry group should "admonish the agency."
The exchanges form part of a confidential dossier compiled by India's antitrust watchdog that chronicles how global advertising companies, including leading U.S. and European firms, coordinated to rig prices in the world's most populous nation.
Evidence from the Competition Commission of India (CCI) investigation includes a 10-page document with messages and records of meetings between top advertising executives, and two industry agreements are under scrutiny for antitrust violations. Two people familiar with the probe have spoken about it.
The key details, which haven't been previously reported, center on WhatsApp interactions involving 11 industry executives. They include the top India or South Asia executives of WPP's GroupM; U.S.-based Omnicom Media and Interpublic's IPG Mediabrands; France's Publicis and Havas Media; Japan's Dentsu and India's Madison World.
Over WhatsApp and in meetings, the executives coordinated responses to clients, which "resulted in alignment of competing advertising agencies," CCI officials said in the Aug. 9 dossier, determining on an initial basis that the conduct contravened competition law.
The firms agreed to cooperate on pricing, including not to undercut each other; colluded with broadcasters to deny business to agencies that didn't comply; and discussed financial terms involving at least four Indian clients over conference calls, according to the investigation documents.
The documents don't indicate whether the agencies' foreign headquarters were aware of the executives' actions.
A spokesperson for WPP Media, which until May was known as GroupM, said it was aware of the investigation but declined to comment further. A Dentsu India spokesperson confirmed reporting that it had disclosed industry practices to the CCI in February 2024 under the regulator's leniency program, which enables lesser penalties for firms that share evidence of malpractice. The spokesperson didn't address specific evidence raised in the dossier but said the firm had implemented stricter audits and controls.
The other agencies and their executives didn't respond to questions about the antitrust probe and information in the dossier. The regulator also didn't respond to queries.
In March, as part of the continuing investigation, the regulator raided the Indian offices of many advertising firms and an industry group that represents broadcasters, including the Reliance-Disney venture and Sony.
CCI investigations typically take several months. The regulator can't press criminal charges, but can impose financial penalties on the media agencies of up to three times their profit or 10% of an Indian entity's global turnover, whichever is higher, for each year of wrongdoing.
Secret pacts
WPP Media, the world's largest media-buying agency, last year — when it was still known as GroupM — won new India business worth $447 million, followed by Omnicom's $183 million, according to research firm COMvergence.
But India's near-$30 billion media and entertainment sector is grappling with weak consumer sentiment. Ad spending will rise 7% to $19 billion in 2025, the slowest growth in three years, according to GroupM estimates.
The CCI is investigating the role of two industry bodies, the Advertising Agencies Association of India (AAAI) and the Indian Broadcasting & Digital Foundation (IBDF), in orchestrating the suspected cartel.
The former group is led by WPP Media India head Prasanth Kumar, while the broadcasting body's president is Kevin Vaz, a top Reliance-Disney venture executive. Neither industry group responded to requests for comment.
The dossier shows the AAAI circulated guidelines to ad agencies in August 2023: They must charge clients whose annual spending exceeds $29 million a minimum 3% commission for digital ads and 2.5% for traditional media. Lower-spending clients would pay higher minimum commissions of up to 8%.
A month later, the industry associations entered a joint pact, agreeing no agency would "unilaterally offer any discount" on rates while pitching for business. The pact declared its aim was to eliminate "lower pricing as a reason to award a pitch."
The advertising firms began coordinating their activities at least as early as August 2023, according to the CCI documents.
Ad executives who met on Dec. 1 that year hailed their collaboration as a "great success" and resolved to continue, according to meeting minutes cited in the CCI's evidence.
'All aligned'
In the U.S., the Federal Trade Commission this month sought information from advertising agencies as part of a probe into whether they coordinated boycotts of certain sites.
The Justice Department in 2016 probed agencies it suspected of rigging bids to favor in-house units, but eventually closed the case without bringing charges.
Brewer Anheuser-Busch InBev used CCI's leniency program to blow the whistle on an industry cartel in India in 2017.
In the case of the ad industry, Dentsu India said it filed its leniency application with the CCI not as a reaction to external pressure but out of a decision to "support reform from within."
Two people with knowledge of the matter said the evidence Dentsu submitted included a transcript of the WhatsApp group. The group, formed in August 2023, was named "AAAI media agencies" and contained scores of chat messages.
Participants included Kumar of WPP's media company, Sharma of Omnicom Media, IPG Mediabrands' Sinha, Havas Media India CEO Mohit Joshi, Dentsu South Asia CEO Harsha Razdan and then-media business CEO Anita Kotwani, Publicis South Asia chief Anupriya Acharya and Madison boss Sam Balsara, the investigators' evidence shows.
Members of the group discussed advertising pitches and coordinated on interactions with clients such as food delivery giant Swiggy, drugmaker Cipla, SoftBank-backed e-commerce firm Meesho, and Kshema Insurance.
In Swiggy's case, the AAAI arranged a Zoom call with media agency heads to discuss the company's advertising pitch. Later, GroupM's Kumar, as AAAI president, suggested an email response to Swiggy explaining the industry's agreed position on rebates.
"Ok all aligned thanks," he wrote after a consensus emerged.
Kshema said the insurer was unaware of the matter. The other clients didn't respond to questions.
During another discussion on client rebates, an unspecified Dentsu executive told rivals over WhatsApp that "the lowest we go to is retain 30% and 70% we pass back to the client," according to the CCI dossier.
CCI officials noted in the document that advertisers and the broadcasters' group had sought to penalize enterprises that didn't comply with the pricing pacts.
In an email to Walt Disney in August 2023, Kumar wrote that broadcasters should refrain from granting business to a firm that had breached the pacts, ITW Consulting, though he said it had later agreed not to approach clients directly.
ITW didn't respond to questions.
Tensions heated up again over WhatsApp three months later.
Sharma, of Omnicom Media, learned that ITW had done another "direct deal with a client of ours" for advertising on streaming platform Hotstar, which was run by Disney.
This irked Sharma, as Hotstar had the rights for the cricket World Cup held in India at the time.
"This nuisance has to stop," he wrote in the group.
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