‘Nationalist history presents India as this ancient thing called Bharat Varsha, with geography from the Mahabharata that remained constant. But the British were conquering random territories based on economic sense, not Indianness': Sam Dalrymple
Sam Dalrymple is in the United Kingdom when we speak, where he will be based until October. It is a fitting location from which to reflect on Shattered Lands (Harper Collins; 536 pages; ₹799), his ambitious debut on the British Empire's afterlives, which traces five partitions that dismantled what was once known as the Indian Empire. From Burma's separation in 1937 to the creation of Bangladesh in 1971, Dalrymple reconstructs the imperial geography, one where Indian rupees circulated in Dubai, Yemeni Jews carried Indian passports, and loyalty to the Viceroy stretched from Aden to Assam.
A Delhi-raised Scottish, Dalrymple, 28, studied Persian and Sanskrit at the University of Oxford. He also speaks Hindi and Urdu fluently. His work spans media — print, film, and virtual reality with projects exploring migration, memory, and the afterlives of empire.
If the surname rings familiar, it is not incidental. He is the son of historian William Dalrymple, one of the most prominent chroniclers of South Asia's early modern past. In this conversation with The Indian Express, Dalrymple speaks about erased borders, nationalist cartographies, Jinnah's contradictions, and advice from his father. Edited excerpts:
The key moment was visiting Afghanistan's Bamiyan Buddhas at 16. But the real inspiration was Project Dastaan, founded with friends at Oxford. We noticed Indians and Pakistanis mingled freely abroad unlike Israelis and Palestinians, yet could not visit each other's homelands.
We used Virtual Reality to reconnect Partition-separated families. One man, Iqbal, wanted to find his Hindu friend Narendra Singh, who had preserved their ancestral mosque amid horrific violence. We found Narendra's family in Mohali near Chandigarh. Though Narendra had passed, his widow immediately suggested they all vacation together.
My co-founder Sparsh Ahuja's family was saved during Partition riots by Muslim neighbours in what is now Pakistan. When we visited, he heard for the first time their side of the story — how they hid his family in their barn when mobs came looking for Hindus to kill.
Project Dastaan showed me how Partition severed connections that persisted despite official hostility. Reconnecting families made me want to explore how these borders came to be – not just 1947 but all the partitions that shattered the Indian Empire.
The way that India is defined by the British is very clearly laid out in the Interpretation Act of 1889: that everything ruled and governed under the Viceroy will be defined as part of India. This includes both directly ruled British India as well as the princely states and protectorates: all these maharajas, nawabs, sultans and sheikhs who had handed over their foreign policy and defence to the Indian government, though they ranged from being internally completely independent to having significant state involvement like Jaipur. States such as Bhutan and Sikkim were very much internally independent with only minor British interference.
The definition was simply the territories inherited by the East India Company. Everything ruled by the East India Company in 1858 was nationalised by the Crown, though random distant territories such as Hong Kong and Singapore were separated within the first few years. What's remarkable is that this vast swathe from Yemen to Burma was given Indian passports. In the book, I've included a picture of an Indian passport given to a Yemeni Jewish woman who wanted to migrate to Mandate Palestine after the Balfour Declaration. To think that in order to migrate from Yemen you had to get an Indian passport is bizarre.
The way nationalists have written history presents India as this ancient thing called Bharat Varsha, with geography from the Mahabharata that remained constant. But the British were just conquering random territories based on economic sense, not on 'Indianness'. Gandhi and other nationalists were certain independent India should stretch from Sindh to Assam, but when Gandhi went to Burma he argued for its separation. Hindu nationalists from the Mahasabha said Arabian states shouldn't be part of India because Arabia was a separate civilisation. Modern India traces its origins to this Bharat idea that excludes places the British conquered but nationalists don't consider part of India. Also, Yemen and Burma have been racked by civil war, their archives often burnt, so few historians have looked into them. In the Gulf, historian James Onley discovered that 99 per cent of Qatar's history is kept in the Bombay archives. He wrote The Arabian Frontier of the British Raj (2007) because these areas never appeared on maps of British India – it was always kept somewhat secret.
Of all the characters, Jinnah was the most surprising and complex. In the 1920s, he was considered the ambassador of Hindu-Muslim unity — Sarojini Naidu gave him a trophy with that title. He married 'Rutti', a much younger Parsi woman, believing in interfaith marriage, but she was ostracised by her community. This disillusioned him about India moving past religious boundaries. Later, as a leading Congressman, he was overshadowed by Gandhi and Nehru who treated him poorly. We're used to the Jinnah of the 1940s, but in the 1920s he was a secular man who ate pork, drank whiskey, and had a Parsi wife. His transformation into the founder of the first Islamic republic is fascinating. In 1946, he accepted the Cabinet Mission Plan where Pakistan would exist as a province within a united India — like countries within the United Kingdom today. It is fascinating to think how much bloodshed could have been avoided had this gone through. Gandhi and Jinnah ultimately pulled out of this idea.
It was Hindu nationalism, Muslim nationalism — all of them. But Hindu nationalists wanted a nation resembling Bharat Varsha. The idea of Bharat Mata is key to why Burma and Arabia were separated. Nationalist maps of Bharat Mata never included these areas. The British, seeing India might soon be independent, considered separating these regions to maintain economic control, knowing nationalists didn't want them. Fascinatingly, there were nationalists in Burma and Yemen who saw themselves as Indian and wanted to remain part of India, but figures such as Mahatma Gandhi pushed against this. U Ottama, a Burmese Buddhist monk who became Savarkar's predecessor in the Hindu Mahasabha, argued that Burma was part of Bharat and that Buddhism was part of Hinduism, but was booed down at Mahasabha meetings and eventually resigned.
He actually pushed me to write this as a book. Originally it was a documentary project with National Geographic, but when Covid hit and we could not film, he suggested turning it into a book.
He read two drafts – one after my first draft and one before final submission. But my mother was the real editor-in-chief, reading everything meticulously. My father's work focuses on medieval through early modern history, while mine relies heavily on oral histories, techniques I learned from mentors such as Aanchal Malhotra and Kavita Puri who specialise in Partition testimonies.
That said, I owe my historical interest to him dragging me around Rajasthan's hill forts, Bengal's delta, and Kerala's theyyam dancers since childhood. I've lived in Delhi for 22 years because he moved us here.
I do not see them in conflict at all. Globally, academic historians do research while others popularise it accessibly. My book uses sources in eight languages from multiple archives, as rigorous as any academic work, but written for general readers. It reveals new research like Burma and Dubai's separation from India. Good popular history like films about Rome builds on scholarship. The distinction is when popular works lack footnotes or obscure sources — but you can absolutely write academically rigorous history for the public.
Aishwarya Khosla is a journalist currently serving as Deputy Copy Editor at The Indian Express. Her writings examine the interplay of culture, identity, and politics.
She began her career at the Hindustan Times, where she covered books, theatre, culture, and the Punjabi diaspora. Her editorial expertise spans the Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Chandigarh, Punjab and Online desks.
She was the recipient of the The Nehru Fellowship in Politics and Elections, where she studied political campaigns, policy research, political strategy and communications for a year.
She pens The Indian Express newsletter, Meanwhile, Back Home.
Write to her at aishwaryakhosla.ak@gmail.com or aishwarya.khosla@indianexpress.com. You can follow her on Instagram: @ink_and_ideology, and X: @KhoslaAishwarya. ... Read More
Hashtags
Try Our AI Features
Explore what Daily8 AI can do for you:
Comments
No comments yet...
Related Articles
India Today
34 minutes ago
- India Today
News Menu, June 21: PM's Yoga Day celebrations, Indian students return from Iran
Good morning. June 21, is the northern solstice—the longest day of the year above the equator. In 2014, the United Nations envisioned it as International Yoga Day, inspired by India's ancient practice, setting the stage for global wellness Today celebrates wellness with a news menu blending global conflicts, domestic resilience, and cultural Raita: Israel-Iran Conflict IntensifiesIran's latest missile salvo wounded 17 in Israel, three seriously, with explosions reported across multiple sites. Iranian Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi, addressing the UN Human Rights Council in Geneva, condemned Israel's attacks as a 'betrayal' of diplomatic efforts, noting a stalled US-Iran nuclear agreement. Araghchi is also meeting European officials to discuss Iran's nuclear program and Trump suggests there's little he can do to stop Israel. 'They are doing well,' he said. The US president dismissed Europe's diplomatic efforts. 'Not going to be able to help,' he said, implying that a cease-fire can be brokered only by Take: Trump has set a 14-day deadline for US intervention. The New York Times notes negotiating with Tehran is time-consuming and difficult, and Trump is likely buying time for military tit-for-tat strikes risk spiraling into a broader regional conflict. Diplomatic efforts by the UN and EU face challenges due to entrenched positions. Civilian casualties and infrastructure damage underscore the urgent need for Sindhu: Indian Students' EvacuationTwo Mahan Air flights carrying 1,000 Indian students, including 500 Kashmiris, from Mashhad, Iran, land in Delhi. A third flight is scheduled for Day Delight: 11th International Yoga Day CelebrationsIndia marks the 11th International Yoga Day with nationwide events:1. Visakhapatnam: PM Narendra Modi will join a massive 26-km yoga corridor from RK Beach to Bhogapuram, Andhra Pradesh, aiming for a Guinness World Record with over 3 lakh participants from 6:30 AM to 8 AM.2. Jammu & Kashmir: Defence Minister Rajnath Singh will attend celebrations in Udhampur, interacting with armed forces personnel.3. Ahmedabad: Union Home Minister Amit Shah will participate at Adalaj Vav stepwell, with ASI hosting yoga at 81 monumental Bite: Football FiascoBhaichung Bhutia slams AIFF President Kalyan Chaubey, calling Indian football a 'circus' due to poor leadership. Chaubey urges Bhutia to raise concerns at the Executive Committee Breakfast: Run Feast At LeedsIndia's next-gen stars headlined a dominating day on Day 1 of the first Test against England as Yashasvi Jaiswal (101) and Shubman Gill (127*) emerged as top scorers. A revamped Indian team finished Day 1 on 359/3 at Headingley, Leeds. A day highlighted by scintillating centuries from Jaiswal and Gill sent the message across to the entire world that even without the seniors, the new-look Indian team cannot be taken Mess: Kerala Moral Policing ArrestsadvertisementThree men were arrested by Kerala police over the death of a young woman, Raseena, who was allegedly subjected to public harassment in a suspected case of moral incident occurred on the evening of June 15 near Achankara Mosque, where Raseena was seen sitting inside a parked car with her male friend. The accused allegedly dragged the man out of the car, assaulted him in a nearby ground and seized his mobile phone and following day, Raseena was found dead by suicide at her home. She had hanged herself in her bedroom. In her suicide note, she reportedly named the three accused, one of whom is believed to be a Mix: Weather WoesSrinagar: Heatwave persists with 35.5C on Friday, 6.3C above normal. Met office predicts continued heat on IMD issues heavy rainfall warning for northwestern Pradesh: Southwest Monsoon arrives, with further advancement expected in two Bite:On June 21, 2015, the first International Yoga Day was celebrated, uniting millions in wellness. As India leads global yoga celebrations, the contrast with Middle East tensions reminds us of yoga's call for peace and balance. advertisement
Time of India
38 minutes ago
- Time of India
'Involved in development of ballistic missiles': FATF calls out Pakistan for flouting norms; India may use dossier to push for sanctions
A new report from the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) has cited a case involving Pakistan's missile development programme, referencing a shipment seized by Indian customs officials in 2020 that was bound for Port Qasim in Karachi. Tired of too many ads? go ad free now The FATF case study outlines how dual-use goods, including equipment critical for ballistic missile technology, were mis-declared in export documents and linked directly to Pakistan's National Development Complex, which is known to be involved in the development of long-range ballistic missiles. The FATF report reveals that Indian investigators intercepted a cargo ship falsely declaring autoclaves, equipment used for high-energy materials and missile motor components. 'The Bill of Lading of the seized cargo provided evidence of the link between the importer and the National Development Complex,' the report noted. This latest disclosure comes as FATF increases its scrutiny of state-sponsored terrorism, particularly following the April 22 terror attack in Pahalgam, Kashmir, which left 26 dead. In a public condemnation, FATF said: 'This, and other recent attacks, could not occur without money and the means to move funds between terrorist supporters.' As per PTI sources, India is likely to use this FATF disclosure in its dossier to push for Pakistan's return to the FATF grey list. The upcoming Asia Pacific Group meeting in August and the FATF plenary in October may see renewed calls for sanctions or monitoring. According to officials cited by PTI, the inclusion of 'state-sponsored terrorism' in the FATF's upcoming analysis marks a significant step in acknowledging Pakistan's involvement in funding and facilitating terror operations. Tired of too many ads? go ad free now The incident flagged by FATF, which occurred in February 2020 at Kandla port, saw authorities act on intelligence regarding a suspicious Hong Kong-flagged ship, Da Cui Yun, that had departed from China's Jiangyin port, TOI had reported. Officials seized a massive pressure chamber described as a pipe-like object, 35-40 feet in length, now confirmed to have potential ballistic missile applications. Experts from the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) joined a high-level investigation into the cargo, amid tight-lipped responses from customs due to the national security implications. Also read: The FATF report also highlighted the growing global risk from proliferation financing (PF), especially concerning state and non-state actors acquiring dual-use technologies for weapons of mass destruction (WMD). 'The proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and related financing represents a significant threat to global security and the integrity of the international financial system,' the report warns, adding that failure to implement effective controls could allow actors to exploit weaknesses in global export and financial systems.
Time of India
43 minutes ago
- Time of India
Full: ‘U.S. Marines Won't Leave Until…': JD Vance's Shocking Announcement For Rioters
Donald Trump Makes U-Turn on Ceasefire Claim, Says India and Pakistan Decided to Avoid War In a striking reversal, US President Donald Trump has publicly credited Indian PM Narendra Modi and Pakistan Army Chief General Asim Munir for stepping back from the brink of war during the recent India-Pakistan military escalation. This comes days after Trump hosted Munir for a private lunch at the White House, where he praised both leaders as 'very smart people' for choosing peace over a potential nuclear confrontation. This diplomatic shift follows a 35-minute call between Trump and Modi, where the Indian PM firmly clarified that the ceasefire after Operation Sindoor was achieved via military channels — without any third-party mediation. Foreign Secretary Vikram Misri reiterated India's long-standing policy of rejecting external involvement in Indo-Pak issues.#pm#modi #trump #asimmunir #operationsindoor #indiapakistan #ceasefire #nuclearwar #g7summit #pmmodi #uspakistan #toi #toibharat #bharat #breakingnews #indianews 20.0K views | 1 day ago
