British MPs vote in favour or legalising assisted dying
The bill now proceeds to Britain's upper chamber, the House of Lords, where it will undergo months of scrutiny. While there could be further amendments, the unelected Lords will be reluctant to block legislation that has been passed by elected members of the House of Commons.
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ABC News
9 minutes ago
- ABC News
Inside Iran's Fordow nuclear bunker experts say only US weapons can destroy
Deep below a mountain in Iran sits a once-secret uranium enrichment facility which now threatens to drag the United States into the Israel-Iran conflict. There is one bomb – a so-called "bunker-buster" – which may be able to reach and destroy the facility. But there is only one country in the world which could drop it. This is the Fordow Fuel Enrichment Plant, located near the city of Qom. Aerial imagery shows the facility nestled in a mountain. It is accessed via tunnels, evidenced by entrances visible from the surface. The bulk of the nuclear facility is located under an estimated 90 metres of rock. At its heart is a large hall which houses centrifuges, used to enrich uranium to certain percentages. As if a mountain was not defence enough against air strikes – there are thought to be blast or debris traps near its entrances. A low percentage of enrichment – about 3 to 5 per cent – is required for the uranium to be used in civilian settings, like a nuclear power plant. A high level – generally about 90 per cent – is needed for use in modern atomic weapons. Fordow's location means conventional bombs, like those in Israel's possession, would have little to no effect on the parts of the facility buried deep. A secret base revealed In 2009, then-US president Barack Obama stood alongside the leaders of France and the UK, and revealed Iran had been building a "covert uranium enrichment facility near Qom for several years". He said a week earlier, Tehran had written to the UN's nuclear watchdog, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), mentioning "a new enrichment facility, years after they had started its construction". IAEA inspectors were allowed into the facility in late 2009, where they were shown two halls, according to a 2019 report by the Institute for Science and International Security (ISIS). The think-tank is led by David Albright, a leading American physicist and nuclear weapons expert, who is also a former weapons inspector. The report said one hall contained what one might expect for the enrichment of uranium for use in nuclear reactors, but the other hall was being stripped and modified at the time. "These observations contributed to several inspectors, including ones who were experts in gas centrifuges, becoming suspicious that this hall was for the onward enrichment of uranium up to weapon-grade," the report, authored by Mr Albright and two others, read. "Of course, Iran denied any such work," it said. Under the 2015 Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), colloquially known as the Iran deal, Fordow was allowed to operate as a nuclear physics and technology centre, but was banned from uranium enrichment and storing nuclear material at the site for 15 years. 'The US and allied negotiators were not able to convince Iran to shut down this site, even though it has no credible civilian nuclear justification,' the ISIS report said. In 2018, during his first term, US President Donald Trump withdrew the US from the Iran deal, reportedly just days after a briefing from the Israeli prime minister on a daring raid in Tehran by Israel's foreign intelligence service, Mossad. A raid in the night The raid on Iran's "Atomic Archive", as it was labelled by Israel, has been extensively documented by the New York Times and Washington Post. The publications describe a clandestine night raid in early 2018 on a nondescript warehouse in Tehran by agents of Mossad. The agents torched their way into some of the 32 safes contained in the warehouse, after a two-year surveillance operation, stealing and smuggling out of the country tens of thousands of documents, and compact discs — containing memos, videos, and plans, relating to Iran's past nuclear research. Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu announced the heist in April 2018 – presenting some of the documents in a televised address, arguing against the Iran deal. Later, select media outlets were given access to some of the haul by Israeli officials, who decided what they could and couldn't see. At the time, Iran said the documents were fraudulent. "Iran has always been clear that creating indiscriminate weapons of mass destruction is against what we stand for as a country and the notion that Iran would abandon any kind of sensitive information in some random warehouse in Tehran is laughably absurd," a statement from its UN mission in New York read. But among the haul, was a picture showing support facilities for the Fordow nuclear facility, then named the Al Ghadir project site. It also contained designs and diagrams for the underground portion of the project, according to the Institute for Science and International Security. The ABC's 3D map of the facility, featured above, is based on these blueprints — which are understood to be the only publicly available layouts of the facility. The IAEA says Iran stopped implementing all of the commitments it made as part of the Iran deal in February 2021 – including allowing daily access to Fordow, on request, for monitoring. The watchdog has still been able to verify what's happening at Fordow at less-regular intervals. Its latest report, released more than a week ago, said the facility is enriching uranium to 60 per cent — adding changes in its enrichment process had "significantly" increased the rate of production. "It's actually easier to go from an enrichment of 60 per cent to 90 per cent, than it is to get to that initial 60 per cent,' said nuclear physicist Kaitlin Cook in The Conversation. "It's a fairly trivial last step to go 90 per cent, which is why people were alarmed," said Jeffrey Lewis, an expert in nuclear non-proliferation from the Middlebury Institute of International Studies. "Fordow is not the largest enrichment facility, but it is the enrichment facility that we expected Iran to build as part of its nuclear weapons program. "If your goal is to eliminate the nuclear program, you have to eliminate Fordow," he said. Dan Shapiro, who was the US ambassador to Israel under Barack Obama until 2017, told ABC TV's 7.30, he believes Fordow needs to be destroyed. "If it survives and continues to be a facility where they can enrich at 60 per cent and when they choose, to sprint to 90 per cent, this campaign will not have achieved its objective," he said. "They [Iran] will remain capable and maybe even more motivated to produce a nuclear weapon at any time of their choosing." Iran has long denied having a nuclear weapons program. "Iran declared … quite a few times that … it does not have any nuclear, you know, just program in terms of military aspects," the Iranian Ambassador to Australia, Ahmad Sadeghi, told the ABC's David Speers, on Wednesday. The massive ordnance penetrator According to experts from the Royal United Services Institute, there is only one conventional weapon thought to be big enough to reach and destroy Fordow. The GBU-57 Massive Ordnance Penetrator (MOP) is a behemoth. It weighs more than 13 tonnes, stands six metres tall, and is specifically designed to "defeat hard and deeply buried targets", like bunkers and tunnels, according to a fact sheet from a US Department of Defense agency. It is said to be able reach depths of up to 60 metres, before exploding. "Multiple GBU-57/B impacts would almost certainly be required to reach the Fordow Fuel Enrichment Plant, with the second bomb impacting inside the hole made by the first," said Justin Bronk, an airpower specialist at RUSI. The United States is the only country known to have this kind of bomb – and the only one with the aircraft approved to deliver it, the B-2 Spirit Stealth Bomber. "While each B-2 can carry two GBU-57/Bs, such an attack would require redundancy since the weapons would have to function and be delivered perfectly to get down into the facility, and explode at the right depth to cause critical damage," Professor Bronk told ABC NEWS Verify. Another bombing aircraft, the B-52, has dropped the bombs during testing. B-2 bombers operate out of a US Air Force base in Missouri. But the uniquely shaped aircraft have, as recently as April, been seen at an air base on the island of Diego Garcia, in the Indian Ocean. That same month, US media reported the B-2s were being stationed there in a display of power to countries like Iran. Whether they take off from the US, or the Indian Ocean, the stealth bombers' range limitations mean they might need to refuel while in the air on any mission to Iran. According to Reuters, AirNav systems, a flight tracking website, said more than 31 US Air Force refuelling aircraft – primarily KC-135s and KC-46s – left the United States on Sunday. It said the flights had landed in Europe. The decision to bomb, or not, will ultimately be decided by the US commander in chief, Donald Trump. "I may do it. I may not do it," he said on Wednesday. The White House said on Friday that Trump would decide on whether to intervene in the conflict, or not, within two weeks. If a bombing raid is given the green light by the US president – there is no guarantee it will work. But in a 2024 podcast, David Albright said he believed Fordow was "more vulnerable" than people think. "We have the building designs, it's in the nuclear archive," he told Arms Control Poseur. "Israel has even more of those designs, they know exactly how the tunnels go, where they start, how they zig and zag, where the ventilation system is, the power supplies. "You don't have to bring down the roof of the enrichment hall to put that facility out of operation for a long time," he said. Notes about data used in this story:
ABC News
an hour ago
- ABC News
Israel warns of 'prolonged' war with Iran, as Tehran targets Tel Aviv and Haifa
Israel's war against Iran will be "prolonged", military chief Eyal Zamir has said, as the arch rivals traded fire and European powers held talks with the Islamic republic. "We must be ready for a prolonged campaign," Mr Zamir told Israelis in a video statement, eight days after his country launched a massive wave of strikes it said aimed at stopping Iran from developing nuclear weapons -- an ambition Tehran has denied. "We have embarked on the most complex campaign in our history to remove a threat of such magnitude," said Mr Zamir. "The campaign is not over. Although we have made significant achievements, difficult days still lie ahead." Iran has responded with barrages of missiles and drones, which Israeli authorities say have killed at least 25 people. A hospital in the Israeli port city of Haifa reported 19 injured, including one person in a serious condition, after the latest Iranian salvo, which President Isaac Herzog said hit a mosque. Iran said on Sunday that Israeli strikes had killed at least 224 people since June 13, including military commanders, nuclear scientists and civilians. As US President Donald Trump mulls the prospect of entering the war between the two foes, top diplomats from Britain, France and Germany were meeting with their Iranian counterpart Abbas Araghchi on Friday. French President Emmanuel Macron said the Europeans were "putting a diplomatic solution on the table". On the ground, Israel's military said it struck missile launchers in southwestern Iran after overnight air raids on dozens of targets including what it called a "nuclear weapons project" research and development centre. In Israel, sirens sounded in the afternoon after missiles were launched from Iran for the second time on Friday, with a military official saying that "approximately 20 missiles were launched towards Israel". Iran's Revolutionary Guards said they had targeted military sites and air forces bases. Mr Trump has said he will decide "within the next two weeks" whether to involve the United States in the fighting. Britain's Foreign Secretary David Lammy said "a window now exists within the next two weeks to achieve a diplomatic solution", while agreeing with US Secretary of State Marco Rubio that "Iran can never develop or acquire a nuclear weapon". Western governments suspect Iran of seeking a nuclear weapons capability. The International Atomic Energy Agency said that while Iran was the only country without nuclear weapons to enrich uranium to 60 per cent, there was no evidence it had all the components to make a functioning nuclear warhead. "So, saying how long it would take for them, it would be pure speculation because we do not know whether there was somebody ... secretly pursuing these activities," the agency's chief Rafael Grossi told CNN. "We haven't seen that and we have to say it." France's foreign ministry spokesperson Christophe Lemoine said that "military solutions are not long-term solutions" to ensure Iran respects its obligations under the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. Addressing the UN Human Rights Council on Friday, Mr Araghchi said Israel's attacks were a "betrayal" of diplomatic efforts to reach a nuclear deal between Tehran and Washington. "We were attacked in the midst of an ongoing diplomatic process," he said. In an interview with German publication Bild, Israel's top diplomat Gideon Saar said he did not "particularly" believe in diplomacy with Iran. "All diplomatic efforts so far have failed," said Mr Saar, whose country had supported Trump's 2018 decision to abandon a previous nuclear agreement between Iran and world powers. The UN Security Council convened on Friday for a second session on the conflict, which was requested by Iran with support from Russia, China and Pakistan, a diplomat told AFP on Wednesday. The escalating confrontation is quickly reaching "the point of no return", Türkiye's President Recep Tayyip Erdogan warned on Friday, saying "this madness must end as soon as possible". UN chief Antonio Guterres meanwhile pleaded with all sides to "give peace a chance". Any US involvement in Israel's campaign would be expected to involve the bombing of an underground uranium enrichment facility in Fordo, using powerful bunker-busting bombs that no other country possesses. In Iran, people fleeing Israel's attacks described frightening scenes and difficult living conditions, including food shortages. Government spokeswoman Fatemeh Mohajerani said authorities had restricted internet access to avoid "problems" like cyberattacks. Iranian authorities have arrested a European "who sought to spy on sensitive areas of the country", Tasnim news agency reported on Friday. Protests were held in Tehran and other cities after Friday prayers, with demonstrators chanting slogans in support of their leaders, state television showed. "I will sacrifice my life for my leader," read a protester's banner, a reference to supreme leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei. Switzerland announced it was temporarily closing its embassy in Tehran, adding that it would continue to fulfil its role representing US interests in Iran. AFP/ABC
ABC News
an hour ago
- ABC News
New Zealand suspends aid to Cook Islands over China deal
On the program this week: New Zealand's government says it has suspended aid to the Cook Islands after the Pacific nation signed up to an agreement with China. The leaders of Tonga and Vanuatu say they're seeking clarity from the US government over possible new travel bans. Investigations are continuing into the death of a prominent Pacific Islander fashion designer, who was shot at an anti-Trump rally in Salt Lake City, Utah. Landowners in Papua New Guinea's New Ireland Province want the prime minister to put his opposition to deep-sea mining into practice. There's a call for labour hire companies to be licensed in New South Wales to prevent the exploitation of migrant workers. Solomon Islands and Vanuatu are teaming up on an ambitious plan to create a massive marine reserve covering 6 million square kilometres of ocean.
