Society may have overestimated risk of the ‘manosphere', UK researchers say
Men who engage in the online 'manosphere' and the content of Andrew Tate are often able to express a 'strong commitment to equal treatment and fairness', according to research commissioned by Ofcom.
Prompted by growing concerns about internet misogyny, researchers for the UK communications regulator followed the journeys of dozens of men through online content ranging from the US podcaster Joe Rogan to forums for 'incels' (involuntary celibates). They found that while a minority encountered 'extremely misogynistic content', many users of the manosphere were critically engaged, selective and capable of discarding messages that did not resonate with their values.
They found it was far from a unified community: many participants felt the various subcultures under the manosphere umbrella were misunderstood, with extreme misogyny being grouped with benign self-improvement content. Several participants were drawn to it by its perceived humour, open debate and irreverence as well as connecting with views they found about traditional gender roles and family dynamics.
'This research does challenge the assumptions about the experiences and perceptions of individuals consuming manosphere content,' Ofcom said.
'Many of the participants expressed a strong commitment to equal treatment and fairness. They showed particular sensitivity to situations they perceived as unjust or discriminatory. This extended to issues specifically concerning men.'
The report's author, Damon De Ionno, the managing director of Revealing Reality, who were commissioned by Ofcom to produce the study, said it 'suggests society has overestimated' the risk posed by the manosphere.
It comes after rising violence against women and girls (VAWG) in England and Wales. Data published by the National Police Chiefs' Council in July 2024 found that about 3,000 VAWG offences were recorded by the police in 2022-23, an increase of 37% since 2018, with one in every 12 women a victim each year.
Separate expert studies have found some evidence that the language of the manosphere can escalate into physical violence. A submission to parliament by a group of UK academics cited cases in which incels had gone on to commit offline acts of violence, including Elliot Rodger in Isla Vista in the USA in 2014 and Jake Davison in Portsmouth in 2021.
The Ofcom study involved 38 men, and more misogynistic men may have declined to take part. Some potential recruits refused to take part, considering the government-appointed regulator to be part of the 'mainstream'. Perhaps the most impressionable group, boys under 16, were also not included.
The study probed several manosphere subcultures, including 'red pill' (men who believe the world is unfair to men) and 'black pill' (those who believe unattractive men have very limited options for relationships) communities, incels, 'men going their own way' (MGTOW), men's rights activists, pickup artists and 'looksmaxxing' groups (where young men share tips about achieving chiselled cheekbones or 'hunter eyes' in an attempt to boost their sexual 'market value'), as well as topics surrounding self-improvement, masculinity and gender politics.
Some of the content trawled for the study was obviously misogynistic, including posts condoning sexual violence against women. In other cases the misogyny was more ambiguous, such as self-help posts about boosting sexual success based on assumptions about women's sexual preferences.
All of the men had engaged with content from Tate, the self-styled misogynist influencer who is facing charges in Britain including rape, human trafficking and controlling prostitution for gain, which he denies.
But one participant said they viewed watching clips of Tate as 'entertainment' akin to watching a horror movie or playing Call of Duty, and the researchers said none of the interviewees had agreed with Tate's most extreme misogyny.
Incel communities contained the most extremely misogynistic content, the Ofcom study found. They were notably full of messages promoting depressive and suicidal outlooks.
'Our research suggests society has overestimated the risk of the manosphere to women,' said De Ionno. 'It's not zero risk, but most of it doesn't have the power to radicalise people who are pretty discriminating and value-driven.'
The research examined the attitudes of men who had become involved in several different corners of the manosphere from relatively mainstream content creators such as Piers Morgan to more niche groups such as those that talk about being 'red pilled'.
One was the MGTOW movement, which discusses living without women. It has been described as misogynistic, but Ofcom's interviewees insisted it was not because it was about choosing to live without women, not hating them.
One survey participant's pathway into the MGTOW part of the manosphere began with him being intentionally misidentified as a child's biological father, known as paternity fraud. Richard became involved in supporting other victims and came to believe that 'feminist ideology runs through' the courts system. He stopped dating and said: 'Once you've red-pilled about all this, you can't unsee it.'
Another man, Matt, said the MGTOW influencers 'prey on any … amount of bitterness and resentment you have in your life from a negative situation'.
Ofcom said: 'A minority of participants described encountering extremely misogynistic content online – with the most extreme examples more likely to be found on closed groups or among incel communities.
'These spaces were also notably full of messages promoting 'black pill' concepts of self-loathing and hopelessness, as well as depressive and even suicidal outlooks. Participants that were more socially isolated offline tended to have greater depth of engagement within these closed communities, and so may be at greater risk of adopting harmful views or mindsets, due to their strong group identity and the individual's wider vulnerability.'
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If you ever thought, as I did growing up there, that Northern Ireland's fame was limited to 30 years of bombs and bullets, or building a ship that sank on its maiden voyage — you'd better think again. Twenty-one years ago, we were also host to the biggest robbery in British or Irish history at the time — in fact, the sixth biggest robbery in the world. Pretty impressive, eh? In one sense, it was impressive. On December 20, 2004, £26.5 million in cash was stolen from the Northern Bank headquarters in Belfast's city centre — in clear view of the public as Christmas shoppers strolled round the continental market just feet away. Glenn Patterson, an admired Belfast-based novelist, has written a book showing how the robbers did it, and how they got away with it. It was not just a monetary robbery, but a symbolic one. The Northern Bank building is a landmark in Belfast's post-industrial city centre, a great, sturdy 1970s edifice in concrete. It's a building you can imagine Bill Bixby walking out of, coat over shoulder, in the credits for The Incredible Hulk. But the robbery was not the first of its kind that year. Already in 2004 there had been other 'tiger kidnappings', where robbers would take family members hostage and force bank employees to help them to carry out the heist. In response, the Northern Bank had changed its operations so that two key holders were needed simultaneously to access its cash vaults. The criminals' solution? To abduct two employees' family members at once. Kevin McMullan, the bank's assistant manager, and Chris Ward, a junior employee, both had a knock on the door the night before the robbery. Armed men took over their homes and held their families hostage while McMullan and Ward were taken away. The men were held overnight, then told to go to work the next day and act normally. 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Investment abroad? • The 21 best history books of the past year to read next The whole story is presented beautifully by Patterson, who adopts the right tone for each phase of the tale. The abduction scenes have the horrible tension of a thriller, and reminded me of Brian Moore's great Troubles novel Lies of Silence. Elsewhere, Patterson adopts a tone of amused incredulity at the shocking details of the robbery and its aftermath. 'You have to take your hat off to this country. It has a way of exceeding your worst, most lavish expectations.' But the robbery also presented a political problem for the British and Irish governments. In 2004, the fledgling Northern Ireland Assembly had collapsed, and there were 'talks about talks' to get it up and running again. 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And in a world where every conspiracy theorist sees two-tier justice in any outcome they don't like, the aftermath of the robbery provided a real example. The senior IRA man Bobby Storey — believed to be the brains behind the robbery, and 'a great human being' in the words of Gerry Adams — died in June 2020 and his funeral attracted more than 1,500 people, in contravention of Covid regulations. Other people could have no more than 30 at theirs. None of the Sinn Fein politicians who attended were prosecuted, while at a Black Lives Matter protest in Belfast a few weeks earlier, 70 people were fined. Patterson had once planned to write a screenplay of the robbery. I wish he had. It has everything: tension, dark comedy, human interest, big issues and more. But this book will do very nicely in its place. And if the Northern Bank heist was indeed a symbolic robbery, then here is the other symbol. Why did they do it? Because they knew they could get away with it. As Patterson points out: 'Something [else] disappeared in that white van in December 2004 that has never been recovered.' The Northern Bank Job: The Heist and How They Got Away With It by Glenn Patterson (Head of Zeus £16.99 pp272). To order a copy go to Free UK standard P&P on orders over £25. Special discount available for Times+ members
